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Edge (журнал). Эдж журнал

Edge (журнал) - это... Что такое Edge (журнал)?

Специализация: Периодичность: Язык: Главный редактор: Издатель: Страна: Дата основания: Тираж: ISSN: Веб-сайт:

Edge
компьютерные игры
ежемесячный
английский
Тони Мотт
Future Publishing
Великобритания
октябрь 1993
29 007 (янв 09 - дек 09)[1]28 898 (июль 08 — дек 08)[2]31 304 (июль 07 — дек 07)[3]35 145 (июль 06 — дек 06)[4]
1350-1593
edge-online.com

Edge — журнал посвященный видео и компьютерным играм и издаётся в Великобритании издательством Future Publishing.

Известен своими обширными контактами в индустрии, редакционной политикой, написанием всех текстов от третьего лица, ежегодными награждениями и долгожительством.

История

Журнал был запущен в октябре 1993 года Стивом Жерраттом (Steve Jarratt) — известным журналистом, специализирующимся на видеоигровой тематике, и до этого уже имевший опыт в запуске изданий выпускаемых издательским домом Future Publishing. В марте 2009 года свет увидел юбилейный двухсотый номер.

В октябре 2003 года тогдашний главный редактор журнала Хуан Диниз-Санчез (João Diniz-Sanches) оставил журнал вместе с выпускающим редактором Дэвидом МакКарти (David McCarthy) и другими штатными авторами. После этого случая должность редактора перешла к Тони Мотту (Tony Mott), занимавший должность главного редактора до Диниза-Санчеса. Единственным оставшимся членом команды была Маргарет Робертсон (Margaret Robertson), которая в 2006 году заменяла Мотта на посту главного редактора. В мае 2007 года Робертсон оставила этот пост и была заменена Тони Моттом, который стал главным редактором издания в третий раз.

В период между 1995 и 2002 годами часть содержания английского издания Edge публиковалась в американском журнале Next Generation. В 2007 году американское отделение издательского дома Future Publishing начало перепубликовывать избранные статьи из журнала Edge на сайте Next Generation. В июле 2009 года сайт был перезапущен под названием Edge.

Оценка

Журнал Edge известен своей строгостью в оценке игр. В журнале применяется десятибальная система оценки качества игры. За все время существования журнала наивысшую, 10/10, оценку получило не так много игр.

Примечания

Ссылки

Журналы Future Publishing Журналы Великобритании Журналы США

Amstrad Action • Classic Rock • Your Sinclair • PCW Plus • PC Plus • PC Answers • Commodore Format • Amiga Format • ST Format • PC Format • MacFormat • The Mac • Linux Format • Metal Hammer • Amiga Power • N64 Magazine • NGamer • Official Nintendo Magazine • Super Play • Future Music • Total! • Total Guitar • Rhythm • GamesMaster • Guitarist • Sega Zone • Sega Power • Mega • Edge • DC-UK • PC Gamer • PC Zone • ACE • SFX • Total Film • .net • T3 • Tap! • ImagineFX

Nintendo Power • Official Xbox Magazine • PC Gamer • PlayStation: The Official Magazine • GamesRadar (издание онлайн) • Guitar World • Guitar Legends • Revolver • Maximum PC • Mac|Life • Nvision • Windows: The Official Magazine • Guitar Aficionado • Pregnancy • Crochet Today

dic.academic.ru

Edge (журнал) — Википедия (с комментариями)

Материал из Википедии — свободной энциклопедии

Специализация:Периодичность:Язык:Главный редактор:Издатель:Страна:Дата основания:Тираж:ISSN печатнойверсии:Веб-сайт:

Edge

компьютерные игры
ежемесячный
английский
Тони Мотт
Future Publishing
Великобритания Великобритания
октябрь 1993
29 007 (янв 09 - дек 09)[1]28 898 (июль 08 — дек 08)[2]31 304 (июль 07 — дек 07)[3]35 145 (июль 06 — дек 06)[4]
[www.sigla.ru/table.jsp?f=8&t=3&v0=1350-1593&f=1003&t=1&v1=&f=4&t=2&v2=&f=21&t=3&v3=&f=1016&t=3&v4=&f=1016&t=3&v5=&bf=4&b=&d=0&ys=&ye=&lng=&ft=&mt=&dt=&vol=&pt=&iss=&ps=&pe=&tr=&tro=&cc=UNION&i=1&v=tagged&s=0&ss=0&st=0&i18n=ru&rlf=&psz=20&bs=20&ce=hJfuypee8JzzufeGmImYYIpZKRJeeOeeWGJIZRrRRrdmtdeee88NJJJJpeeefTJ3peKJJ3UWWPtzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzbzzvzzpy5zzjzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzztzzzzzzzbzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzvzzzzzzyeyTjkDnyHzTuueKZePz9decyzzLzzzL.c8.NzrGJJvufeeeeeJheeyzjeeeeJhpeeeeKJJJJJJJJJJmjHvOJJJJJJJJJfeeeieeeeSJJJJJSJJJ3TeIJJJJ3..E.UEAcyhxD.eeeeeuzzzLJJJJ5.e8JJJheeeeeeeeeeeeyeeK3JJJJJJJJs7defeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeSJJJJJJJJZIJJzzz1..6LJJJJJJtJJZ4....EK&debug=false 1350-1593]
[www.edge-online.com/ e-online.com]

К:Печатные издания, возникшие в 1993 году

«Edge» — журнал, посвящённый видео и компьютерным играм, издаётся в Великобритании издательством Future Publishing. Известен своими обширными контактами в индустрии, редакционной политикой, написанием всех текстов от третьего лица, ежегодными награждениями и долгожительством.

История

В октябре 2003 года тогдашний главный редактор журнала Хуан Динис-Санчес (João Diniz-Sanches) оставил журнал вместе с выпускающим редактором Дэвидом МакКарти (David McCarthy) и другими штатными авторами. После этого случая должность редактора перешла к Тони Мотту (Tony Mott), занимавший должность главного редактора до Диниса-Санчеса. Единственным оставшимся членом команды была Маргарет Робертсон (Margaret Robertson), которая в 2006 году заменяла Мотта на посту главного редактора. В мае 2007 года Робертсон оставила этот пост и была заменена Тони Моттом, который стал главным редактором издания в третий раз.

Оценка

Журнал Edge известен своей строгостью в оценке игр. В журнале применяется десятибалльная система оценки качества игры. За все время существования журнала наивысшую, 10/10, оценку получило не так много игр.

Напишите отзыв о статье "Edge (журнал)"

Примечания

↑ [www.abc.org.uk/Certificates/16206179.pdf Standard Certificate of Circulation - EDGE] (PDF). ABC (11 февраля 2010). Проверено 16 февраля 2010. [www.webcitation.org/5narBHNLp Архивировано из первоисточника 16 февраля 2010].
↑ [www.abc.org.uk/Certificates/15727745.pdf Standard Certificate of Circulation - Edge] (PDF). ABC (12 февраля 2009). Проверено 21 февраля 2009. [www.webcitation.org/5j4bnZhP4 Архивировано из первоисточника 16 августа 2009].
↑ [www.abc.org.uk/Certificates/14739527.pdf Standard Certificate of Circulation - Edge] (PDF). ABC (14 февраля 2008). Проверено 12 июня 2008. [www.webcitation.org/5j4c12y6y Архивировано из первоисточника 16 августа 2009].

↑ [www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/further-decline-for-print-mags Further decline for print mags]. gamesindustry.biz. Проверено 15 февраля 2007. [www.webcitation.org/66kNUUTj4 Архивировано из первоисточника 7 апреля 2012].

Ссылки

[www.edge-online.com/ Официальный сайт] (англ.)

Отрывок, характеризующий Edge (журнал)

Ростов и не знал и не думал, что эта деревня, в которую он ехал, была именье того самого Болконского, который был женихом его сестры. Ростов с Ильиным в последний раз выпустили на перегонку лошадей в изволок перед Богучаровым, и Ростов, перегнавший Ильина, первый вскакал в улицу деревни Богучарова. – Ты вперед взял, – говорил раскрасневшийся Ильин. – Да, всё вперед, и на лугу вперед, и тут, – отвечал Ростов, поглаживая рукой своего взмылившегося донца. – А я на французской, ваше сиятельство, – сзади говорил Лаврушка, называя французской свою упряжную клячу, – перегнал бы, да только срамить не хотел. Они шагом подъехали к амбару, у которого стояла большая толпа мужиков. Некоторые мужики сняли шапки, некоторые, не снимая шапок, смотрели на подъехавших. Два старые длинные мужика, с сморщенными лицами и редкими бородами, вышли из кабака и с улыбками, качаясь и распевая какую то нескладную песню, подошли к офицерам. – Молодцы! – сказал, смеясь, Ростов. – Что, сено есть? – И одинакие какие… – сказал Ильин. – Развесе…oo…ооо…лая бесе… бесе… – распевали мужики с счастливыми улыбками. Один мужик вышел из толпы и подошел к Ростову. – Вы из каких будете? – спросил он. – Французы, – отвечал, смеючись, Ильин. – Вот и Наполеон сам, – сказал он, указывая на Лаврушку. – Стало быть, русские будете? – переспросил мужик. – А много вашей силы тут? – спросил другой небольшой мужик, подходя к ним. – Много, много, – отвечал Ростов. – Да вы что ж собрались тут? – прибавил он. – Праздник, что ль? – Старички собрались, по мирскому делу, – отвечал мужик, отходя от него. В это время по дороге от барского дома показались две женщины и человек в белой шляпе, шедшие к офицерам. – В розовом моя, чур не отбивать! – сказал Ильин, заметив решительно подвигавшуюся к нему Дуняшу. – Наша будет! – подмигнув, сказал Ильину Лаврушка. – Что, моя красавица, нужно? – сказал Ильин, улыбаясь. – Княжна приказали узнать, какого вы полка и ваши фамилии? – Это граф Ростов, эскадронный командир, а я ваш покорный слуга. – Бе…се…е…ду…шка! – распевал пьяный мужик, счастливо улыбаясь и глядя на Ильина, разговаривающего с девушкой. Вслед за Дуняшей подошел к Ростову Алпатыч, еще издали сняв свою шляпу. – Осмелюсь обеспокоить, ваше благородие, – сказал он с почтительностью, но с относительным пренебрежением к юности этого офицера и заложив руку за пазуху. – Моя госпожа, дочь скончавшегося сего пятнадцатого числа генерал аншефа князя Николая Андреевича Болконского, находясь в затруднении по случаю невежества этих лиц, – он указал на мужиков, – просит вас пожаловать… не угодно ли будет, – с грустной улыбкой сказал Алпатыч, – отъехать несколько, а то не так удобно при… – Алпатыч указал на двух мужиков, которые сзади так и носились около него, как слепни около лошади. – А!.. Алпатыч… А? Яков Алпатыч!.. Важно! прости ради Христа. Важно! А?.. – говорили мужики, радостно улыбаясь ему. Ростов посмотрел на пьяных стариков и улыбнулся. – Или, может, это утешает ваше сиятельство? – сказал Яков Алпатыч с степенным видом, не заложенной за пазуху рукой указывая на стариков. – Нет, тут утешенья мало, – сказал Ростов и отъехал. – В чем дело? – спросил он. – Осмелюсь доложить вашему сиятельству, что грубый народ здешний не желает выпустить госпожу из имения и угрожает отпречь лошадей, так что с утра все уложено и ее сиятельство не могут выехать. – Не может быть! – вскрикнул Ростов. – Имею честь докладывать вам сущую правду, – повторил Алпатыч. Ростов слез с лошади и, передав ее вестовому, пошел с Алпатычем к дому, расспрашивая его о подробностях дела. Действительно, вчерашнее предложение княжны мужикам хлеба, ее объяснение с Дроном и с сходкою так испортили дело, что Дрон окончательно сдал ключи, присоединился к мужикам и не являлся по требованию Алпатыча и что поутру, когда княжна велела закладывать, чтобы ехать, мужики вышли большой толпой к амбару и выслали сказать, что они не выпустят княжны из деревни, что есть приказ, чтобы не вывозиться, и они выпрягут лошадей. Алпатыч выходил к ним, усовещивая их, но ему отвечали (больше всех говорил Карп; Дрон не показывался из толпы), что княжну нельзя выпустить, что на то приказ есть; а что пускай княжна остается, и они по старому будут служить ей и во всем повиноваться.

wiki-org.ru

Edge (журнал) — Википедия (с комментариями)

Материал из Википедии — свободной энциклопедии

Специализация:Периодичность:Сокращённоеназвание:Язык:Адрес редакции:Главный редактор:Учредители:Издатель:Страна:История издания:Дата основания:Последний выпуск:Объём:Комплектация:Тираж:ISSN печатнойверсии:ISSN веб-версии:Доступ:Индекс по каталогу «Роспечати»:Индекс по каталогу «Пресса России»:Награды: [[s:Ошибка Lua в Модуль:Wikidata/Interproject на строке 17: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value).|Edge]] в Викитеке

Edge
Ошибка создания миниатюры: Файл не найден
компьютерные игры
ежемесячный
Ошибка Lua в Модуль:Wikidata на строке 170: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value).
английский
Ошибка Lua в Модуль:Wikidata на строке 170: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value).
Тони Мотт
Ошибка Lua в Модуль:Wikidata на строке 170: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value).
Future Publishing
Великобритания22x20px Великобритания
Ошибка Lua в Модуль:Wikidata на строке 170: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value).
октябрь 1993
Ошибка Lua в Модуль:Wikidata на строке 170: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value).
Ошибка Lua в Модуль:Wikidata на строке 170: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value).
Ошибка Lua в Модуль:Wikidata на строке 170: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value).
29 007 (янв 09 - дек 09)[1]28 898 (июль 08 — дек 08)[2]31 304 (июль 07 — дек 07)[3]35 145 (июль 06 — дек 06)[4]
[http://www.sigla.ru/table.jsp?f=8&t=3&v0=1350-1593&f=1003&t=1&v1=&f=4&t=2&v2=&f=21&t=3&v3=&f=1016&t=3&v4=&f=1016&t=3&v5=&bf=4&b=&d=0&ys=&ye=&lng=&ft=&mt=&dt=&vol=&pt=&iss=&ps=&pe=&tr=&tro=&cc=UNION&i=1&v=tagged&s=0&ss=0&st=0&i18n=ru&rlf=&psz=20&bs=20&ce=hJfuypee8JzzufeGmImYYIpZKRJeeOeeWGJIZRrRRrdmtdeee88NJJJJpeeefTJ3peKJJ3UWWPtzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzbzzvzzpy5zzjzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzztzzzzzzzbzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzvzzzzzzyeyTjkDnyHzTuueKZePz9decyzzLzzzL.c8.NzrGJJvufeeeeeJheeyzjeeeeJhpeeeeKJJJJJJJJJJmjHvOJJJJJJJJJfeeeieeeeSJJJJJSJJJ3TeIJJJJ3..E.UEAcyhxD.eeeeeuzzzLJJJJ5.e8JJJheeeeeeeeeeeeyeeK3JJJJJJJJs7defeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeSJJJJJJJJZIJJzzz1..6LJJJJJJtJJZ4....EK&debug=false 1350-1593]
Ошибка Lua в Модуль:Wikidata на строке 170: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value).
Ошибка Lua в Модуль:Wikidata на строке 170: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value).
Ошибка Lua в Модуль:Wikidata на строке 170: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value).
Ошибка Lua в Модуль:Wikidata на строке 170: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value).
Ошибка Lua в Модуль:Wikidata на строке 170: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value).
Ошибка Lua в Модуль:Wikidata на строке 170: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value).

К:Печатные издания, возникшие в 1993 году

История

Оценка

Напишите отзыв о статье "Edge (журнал)"

Примечания

↑ [http://www.abc.org.uk/Certificates/16206179.pdf Standard Certificate of Circulation - EDGE] (PDF). ABC (11 февраля 2010). Проверено 16 февраля 2010. [http://www.webcitation.org/5narBHNLp Архивировано из первоисточника 16 февраля 2010].
↑ [http://www.abc.org.uk/Certificates/15727745.pdf Standard Certificate of Circulation - Edge] (PDF). ABC (12 февраля 2009). Проверено 21 февраля 2009. [http://www.webcitation.org/5j4bnZhP4 Архивировано из первоисточника 16 августа 2009].
↑ [http://www.abc.org.uk/Certificates/14739527.pdf Standard Certificate of Circulation - Edge] (PDF). ABC (14 февраля 2008). Проверено 12 июня 2008. [http://www.webcitation.org/5j4c12y6y Архивировано из первоисточника 16 августа 2009].
↑ [http://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/further-decline-for-print-mags Further decline for print mags]. gamesindustry.biz. Проверено 15 февраля 2007. [http://www.webcitation.org/66kNUUTj4 Архивировано из первоисточника 7 апреля 2012].

Ссылки

[http://www.edge-online.com/ Официальный сайт] (англ.)

Отрывок, характеризующий Edge (журнал)

Я подошла поближе – кристалл засиял ярче. Это было очень красиво, но не более, и никакого восторга или приобщения к чему-то «великому» не вызывало. Кристалл был материальным, просто невероятно большим и великолепным. Но и только. Он не был чем-то мистическим или значимым, а всего лишь необычайно красивым. Только вот я пока никак не могла понять, почему этот с виду совершенно вроде бы простой «камень» реагировал на приближение человека? Могло ли оказаться возможным, что его каким-то образом «включало» человеческое тепло? – Ты совершенно права, Изидора... – вдруг послышался чей-то ласковый голос. – Недаром, тебя ценят Отцы! Вздрогнув от неожиданности, я обернулась, тут же радостно воскликнув – рядом стоял Север! Он был по-прежнему приветливым и тёплым, только чуточку грустным. Как ласковое солнце, которое вдруг закрыла случайная туча... – Здравствуй Север! Прости, что пришла непрошенной. Я звала тебя, но ты не явился... Тогда я решила сама попробовать найти тебя. Скажи, что означают твои слова? В чём моя правота? Он подошёл к кристаллу – тот засиял ещё ярче. Свет буквально слепил, не давая на него смотреть. – Ты права насчёт этого «дива»... Мы нашли его очень давно, много сотен лет тому назад. И теперь он служит хорошую службу – защитой против «слепых», тех, которые случайно попали сюда. – Север улыбнулся. – Для «желающих, но не могущих»... – и добавил. – Как Караффа. Но это не твой зал, Изидора. Пойдём со мной. Я покажу тебе твою Мэтэору. Мы двинулись вглубь зала, проходя, стоящие по краям, какие-то огромные белые плиты с выбитыми на них письменами. – Это не похоже на руны. Что это, Север? – не выдержала я. Он опять дружески улыбнулся: – Руны, только очень древние. Твой отец не успел тебя научить... Но если захочешь – я научу тебя. Только приходи к нам, Изидора. Он повторял уже слышанное мною. – Нет! – сразу же отрезала я. – Я не поэтому сюда пришла, ты знаешь, Север. Я пришла за помощью. Только вы можете помочь мне уничтожить Караффу. Ведь в том, что он творит – и ваша вина. Помогите же мне! Север ещё больше погрустнел... Я заранее знала, что он ответит, но не намеревалась сдаваться. На весы были поставлены миллионы хороших жизней, и я не могла так просто отказаться от борьбы за них. – Я уже объяснил тебе, Изидора... – Так объясни ещё! – резко прервала его я. – Объясни мне, как можно спокойно сидеть, сложа руки, когда человеческие жизни гаснут одна за другой по твоей же вине?! Объясни, как такая мразь, как Караффа, может существовать, и ни у кого не возникает желание даже попробовать уничтожить его?! Объясни, как ты можешь жить, когда рядом с тобой происходит такое?.. Горькая обида клокотала во мне, пытаясь выплеснуться наружу. Я почти кричала, пытаясь достучаться до его души, но чувствовала, что теряю. Обратного пути не было. Я не знала, получится ли ещё когда-нибудь попасть туда, и должна была использовать любую возможность, прежде чем уйти. – Оглянись, Север! По всей Европе пылают живыми факелами твои братья и сёстры! Неужели ты можешь спокойно спать, слыша их крики??? И как же тебе не сняться кровавые кошмары?! Его спокойное лицо исказила гримаса боли: – Не говори такого, Изидора! Я уже объяснял тебе – мы не должны вмешиваться, нам не дано такое право... Мы – хранители. Мы лишь оберегаем ЗНАНИЯ. – А тебе не кажется, что подожди Вы ещё, и Ваши знания уже не для кого будет сохранять?!. – горестно воскликнула я. – Земля не готова, Изидора. Я уже говорил тебе это... – Что ж, возможно она никогда готовой не будет... И когда-нибудь, через каких-нибудь тысячу лет, когда ты будешь смотреть на неё со своих «вершин», ты узришь лишь пустое поле, возможно даже поросшее красивыми цветами, потому что на Земле в это время уже не будет людей, и некому будет срывать эти цветы... Подумай, Север, такое ли будущее ты желал Земле?!..

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Edge (журнал) - WikiVisually

1. Великобритания – The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom or Britain, is a sovereign country in western Europe. Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland, the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain, Northern Ireland is the only part of the United Kingdom that shares a land border with another sovereign state‍—‌the Republic of Ireland. The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland, with an area of 242,500 square kilometres, the United Kingdom is the 78th-largest sovereign state in the world and the 11th-largest in Europe. It is also the 21st-most populous country, with an estimated 65.1 million inhabitants, together, this makes it the fourth-most densely populated country in the European Union. The United Kingdom is a monarchy with a parliamentary system of governance. The monarch is Queen Elizabeth II, who has reigned since 6 February 1952, other major urban areas in the United Kingdom include the regions of Birmingham, Leeds, Glasgow, Liverpool and Manchester. The United Kingdom consists of four countries—England, Scotland, Wales, the last three have devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in their capitals, Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast, respectively. The relationships among the countries of the UK have changed over time, Wales was annexed by the Kingdom of England under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542. A treaty between England and Scotland resulted in 1707 in a unified Kingdom of Great Britain, which merged in 1801 with the Kingdom of Ireland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Five-sixths of Ireland seceded from the UK in 1922, leaving the present formulation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain, there are fourteen British Overseas Territories. These are the remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in the 1920s, British influence can be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former colonies. The United Kingdom is a country and has the worlds fifth-largest economy by nominal GDP. The UK is considered to have an economy and is categorised as very high in the Human Development Index. It was the worlds first industrialised country and the worlds foremost power during the 19th, the UK remains a great power with considerable economic, cultural, military, scientific and political influence internationally. It is a nuclear weapons state and its military expenditure ranks fourth or fifth in the world. The UK has been a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council since its first session in 1946 and it has been a leading member state of the EU and its predecessor, the European Economic Community, since 1973. However, on 23 June 2016, a referendum on the UKs membership of the EU resulted in a decision to leave. The Acts of Union 1800 united the Kingdom of Great Britain, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have devolved self-government

2. Международный стандартный серийный номер – An International Standard Serial Number is an eight-digit serial number used to uniquely identify a serial publication. The ISSN is especially helpful in distinguishing between serials with the same title, ISSN are used in ordering, cataloging, interlibrary loans, and other practices in connection with serial literature. The ISSN system was first drafted as an International Organization for Standardization international standard in 1971, ISO subcommittee TC 46/SC9 is responsible for maintaining the standard. When a serial with the content is published in more than one media type. For example, many serials are published both in print and electronic media, the ISSN system refers to these types as print ISSN and electronic ISSN, respectively. The format of the ISSN is an eight digit code, divided by a hyphen into two four-digit numbers, as an integer number, it can be represented by the first seven digits. The last code digit, which may be 0-9 or an X, is a check digit. Formally, the form of the ISSN code can be expressed as follows, NNNN-NNNC where N is in the set, a digit character. The ISSN of the journal Hearing Research, for example, is 0378-5955, where the final 5 is the check digit, for calculations, an upper case X in the check digit position indicates a check digit of 10. To confirm the check digit, calculate the sum of all eight digits of the ISSN multiplied by its position in the number, the modulus 11 of the sum must be 0. There is an online ISSN checker that can validate an ISSN, ISSN codes are assigned by a network of ISSN National Centres, usually located at national libraries and coordinated by the ISSN International Centre based in Paris. The International Centre is an organization created in 1974 through an agreement between UNESCO and the French government. The International Centre maintains a database of all ISSNs assigned worldwide, at the end of 2016, the ISSN Register contained records for 1,943,572 items. ISSN and ISBN codes are similar in concept, where ISBNs are assigned to individual books, an ISBN might be assigned for particular issues of a serial, in addition to the ISSN code for the serial as a whole. An ISSN, unlike the ISBN code, is an identifier associated with a serial title. For this reason a new ISSN is assigned to a serial each time it undergoes a major title change, separate ISSNs are needed for serials in different media. Thus, the print and electronic versions of a serial need separate ISSNs. Also, a CD-ROM version and a web version of a serial require different ISSNs since two different media are involved, however, the same ISSN can be used for different file formats of the same online serial

3. Компьютерная игра – A video game is an electronic game that involves interaction with a user interface to generate visual feedback on a video device such as a TV screen or computer monitor. The word video in video game referred to a raster display device. Some theorists categorize video games as an art form, but this designation is controversial, the electronic systems used to play video games are known as platforms, examples of these are personal computers and video game consoles. These platforms range from large mainframe computers to small handheld computing devices, the input device used for games, the game controller, varies across platforms. Common controllers include gamepads, joysticks, mouse devices, keyboards, the touchscreens of mobile devices, and buttons, or even, with the Kinect sensor, a persons hands and body. Players typically view the game on a screen or television or computer monitor, or sometimes on virtual reality head-mounted display goggles. There are often game sound effects, music and, in the 2010s, some games in the 2000s include haptic, vibration-creating effects, force feedback peripherals and virtual reality headsets. In the 2010s, the game industry is of increasing commercial importance, with growth driven particularly by the emerging Asian markets and mobile games. As of 2015, video games generated sales of USD74 billion annually worldwide, early games used interactive electronic devices with various display formats. The earliest example is from 1947—a Cathode ray tube Amusement Device was filed for a patent on 25 January 1947, by Thomas T. Goldsmith Jr. and Estle Ray Mann, and issued on 14 December 1948, as U. S. Written by MIT students Martin Graetz, Steve Russell, and Wayne Wiitanens on a DEC PDP-1 computer in 1961, and the hit ping pong-style Pong, used the DEC PDP-1s vector display to have two spaceships battle each other. In 1971, Computer Space, created by Nolan Bushnell and Ted Dabney, was the first commercially sold and it used a black-and-white television for its display, and the computer system was made of 74 series TTL chips. The game was featured in the 1973 science fiction film Soylent Green, Computer Space was followed in 1972 by the Magnavox Odyssey, the first home console. Modeled after a late 1960s prototype console developed by Ralph H. Baer called the Brown Box and these were followed by two versions of Ataris Pong, an arcade version in 1972 and a home version in 1975 that dramatically increased video game popularity. The commercial success of Pong led numerous other companies to develop Pong clones and their own systems, the game inspired arcade machines to become prevalent in mainstream locations such as shopping malls, traditional storefronts, restaurants, and convenience stores. The game also became the subject of articles and stories on television and in newspapers and magazines. Space Invaders was soon licensed for the Atari VCS, becoming the first killer app, the term platform refers to the specific combination of electronic components or computer hardware which, in conjunction with software, allows a video game to operate. The term system is commonly used

4. Super Mario 64 – Super Mario 64 is a 1996 platform video game developed and published by Nintendo for the Nintendo 64. It is the first Super Mario game to utilize three-dimensional graphics, along with Pilotwings 64, it was one of the launch titles for the console. It was released in Japan on June 23,1996, and later in North America, Europe and it is the best-selling game on the Nintendo 64, with more than eleven million copies sold. An enhanced remake called Super Mario 64 DS was released for the Nintendo DS in 2004, in the game, Mario explores Princess Peachs castle and must rescue her from Bowser. The game established a new archetype for the 3D genre, much as Super Mario Bros. did for 2D sidescrolling platformers, while doing so, it still preserves many gameplay elements and characters of earlier Mario games, and the same visual style. The game has left an impression on 3D game design, particularly notable for its use of a dynamic camera system. The title is acclaimed by critics and fans as one of the greatest and most revolutionary video games of all time. Super Mario 64 is a 3D platformer where the player controls Mario through several courses, each course is an enclosed world in which the player is free to wander in all directions and discover the environment without time limits. The worlds are filled with enemies that attack Mario, as well as creatures that provide assistance, offer information. The player gathers stars in each course, some only appear after completing certain tasks. These challenges include defeating a boss, solving puzzles, racing an opponent, as more stars are collected, more areas of the castle hub world become accessible. The player unlocks doors in the castle with keys obtained by defeating Bowser in special courses, there are many hidden mini-courses and other secrets to the game, most containing extra stars required for the full completion of the game. There are three special cap power-ups appear in areas on many stages. Some courses contain cannons that Mario can access by speaking to a pink Bob-omb Buddy, after entering a cannon, Mario can be shot out to reach distant places. When the player has the Wing Cap equipped, cannons can be used to high altitudes or fly across most levels quickly. Marios abilities in Super Mario 64 are far more diverse than those of previous Mario games, the player can make Mario walk, run, jump, crouch, crawl, swim, climb, kick, or punch using the game controllers analog stick and buttons. Special jumps can be executed by combining a regular jump with other actions, including the double and triple jumps, long jump, there are also special maneuvers, such as wall jumping—jumping from one wall to another in rapid succession to reach areas that would otherwise be too high. The player can pick up and carry items, an ability which is used to solve various puzzles

5. Nintendo 64 – The Nintendo 64, stylized as the NINTENDO64 and often referred to as the N64, is Nintendos third home video game console for the international market. It was the last major home console to use the cartridge as its primary storage format until Nintendos seventh console, while the Nintendo 64 was succeeded by Nintendos MiniDVD-based GameCube in September 2001, the consoles remained available until the system was retired in late 2003. Codenamed Project Reality, the the N64 design was complete by mid-1995, but its launch was delayed until 1996. It launched with three games, Super Mario 64 and Pilotwings 64, released worldwide, and Saikyō Habu Shōgi, as part of the fifth generation of gaming, the system competed primarily with the Sony PlayStation and the Sega Saturn. The suggested retail price at its United States launch was US$199.99, the console was released in a range of colors and designs over its lifetime. In 2015, IGN named it the 9th greatest video game console of all time, as of 2016, the system remains a popular retro console in North America. At the beginning of the 1990s, Nintendo led the game industry with its Nintendo Entertainment System. Although the NES follow-up console, the Super NES, was successful, competition from long-time rival Sega, and relative newcomer Sony, emphasized Nintendos need to develop a successor for the SNES, or risk losing market dominance to its competitors. Further complicating matters, Nintendo also faced a backlash from third-party developers unhappy with Nintendos strict licensing policies, the company created a design proposal for a video game system, seeking an already well established partner in that market. James H. Clark, founder of SGI, initially offered the proposal to Tom Kalinske, the historical details of these preliminary negotiations were controversial between the two competing suitors. Tom Kalinske said that he and Joe Miller of Sega of America were quite impressed with SGIs prototype, the engineers from Sega Enterprises claimed that their evaluation of the early prototype had uncovered several unresolved hardware issues and deficiencies. Those were subsequently resolved, but Sega had already decided against SGIs design, Nintendo resisted that summary conclusion, arguing that the reason for SGIs ultimate choice of partner is due to Nintendo having been a more appealing business partner than Sega. While Sega demanded exclusive rights to the chip, Nintendo was willing to license the technology on a non-exclusive basis, michael Slater, publisher of Microprocessor Report said, The mere fact of a business relationship there is significant because of Nintendos phenomenal ability to drive volume. If it works at all, it could bring MIPS to levels of volume never dreamed of, james Clark met with Nintendo CEO Hiroshi Yamauchi in early 1993, thus initiating Project Reality. This announcement coincided with Nintendos August 1993 Shoshinkai trade show, as with most of the computing industry, Nintendo had limited experience with 3D graphics, and worked with several outside companies to develop the technology comprising the console. Some chip technology was provided by NEC, Toshiba, and Sharp, SGI had recently acquired MIPS Computer Systems, and the two worked together toward a low-cost realtime 3D graphics hardware system. SGI and its subsidiary MIPS Technologies were responsible for the R4300i microprocessor and that software-based console prototype platform was later supplanted by a workstation-hosted console simulation board, representing the finalized console hardware. SGIs performance estimates based upon their RealityEngine supercomputing platform were ultimately reported to be accurate to the final consumer console product

6. Gran Turismo (игра) – Gran Turismo is a sim racing video game designed by Kazunori Yamauchi. Gran Turismo was developed by Polys Entertainment and published by Sony Computer Entertainment in 1997 for the PlayStation video game console, the games development group was established as Polyphony Digital in 1998. The game has started a series, and has spawned over 10 spin-offs, Gran Turismo is a racing game. The player must maneuver a car to compete against artificially intelligent drivers on race tracks. The game uses two different modes, Arcade Mode and Simulation Mode, in the arcade mode, the player can freely choose the courses and vehicles they wish to use. Winning races unlocks additional cars and courses, however, simulation mode requires the player to earn different levels of drivers licenses in order to qualify for events, and earn credits, trophies and prize cars by winning race championships. Winning one particular championship also unlocks a video and a few additional demonstration tracks, credits can be used to purchase additional vehicles, and for parts and tuning. Gran Turismo features 140 cars and 11 race tracks, two Honda NSX cars from 1992 were included in the Japanese version, but were removed from the North American and European versions. There is also a 1967 Chevrolet Corvette and a 1998 Mazda Roadster exclusive to the Arcade mode, the game required five years to complete. During an interview with Kazunori Yamauchi, it was revealed that development of Gran Turismo started in the half of 1992. Yamauchi added that at different times there were seven to fifteen people assisting him. When asked how difficult it was to create Gran Turismo, Yamauchi remarked, in those five years, we could not see the end. I would wake up at work, go to sleep at work and it was getting cold, so I knew it must be winter. I estimate I was home only four days a year, sound design was one aspect that Yamauchi believed was compromised due to a lack of time. Although Kazunori considered the games artificial intelligence to be superior to its competitors, when Gran Turismo was released in Japan, Polyphony Digital was still a development group within Sony Computer Entertainment. The studio was established in April 1998, before the Western release of the game, Yamauchi estimated that Gran Turismo utilised around 75% of the PlayStations maximum performance. The opening song for the North American and PAL versions is a Chemical Brothers remix of the Manic Street Preachers song Everything Must Go, the opening song for the Japanese version is Moon Over the Castle, composed by Masahiro Andoh. The Japanese version, however, used an original score

7. Sony – Sony Corporation is a Japanese multinational conglomerate corporation that is headquartered in Kōnan, Minato, Tokyo. Its diversified business includes consumer and professional electronics, gaming, entertainment, the company is one of the leading manufacturers of electronic products for the consumer and professional markets. Sony was ranked 116th on the 2015 list of Fortune Global 500 and these make Sony one of the most comprehensive entertainment companies in the world. The group consists of Sony Corporation, Sony Pictures Entertainment, Sony Interactive Entertainment, Sony Music Entertainment, Sony Financial Holdings and others. Sony is among the Semiconductor sales leaders by year and as of 2013, the companys current slogan is BE MOVED. Their former slogans were make. believe, like. no. other, Sony has a weak tie to the SMFG keiretsu, the successor to the Mitsui keiretsu. Sony began in the wake of World War II, in 1946, Masaru Ibuka started an electronics shop in a department store building in Tokyo. The company had $530 in capital and a total of eight employees, in the following year he was joined by his colleague, Akio Morita, and they founded a company called Tokyo Tsushin Kogyo 東京通信工業. The company built Japans first tape recorder, called the Type-G, in 1958 the company changed its name to Sony. When Tokyo Tsushin Kogyo was looking for a name to use to market themselves, they strongly considered using their initials. The primary reason they did not is that the railway company Tokyo Kyuko was known as TTK, the company occasionally used the acronym Totsuko in Japan, but during his visit to the United States, Morita discovered that Americans had trouble pronouncing that name. Another early name that was tried out for a while was Tokyo Teletech until Akio Morita discovered that there was an American company already using Teletech as a brand name, the name Sony was chosen for the brand as a mix of two words. One was the Latin word sonus, which is the root of sonic and sound, and the other was sonny, a common slang term used in 1950s America to call a boy. In the 1950s Japan sonny boys, was a word into Japanese which connoted smart and presentable young men. The first Sony-branded product, the TR-55 transistor radio, appeared in 1955, at the time of the change, it was extremely unusual for a Japanese company to use Roman letters to spell its name instead of writing it in kanji. The move was not without opposition, TTKs principal bank at the time and they pushed for a name such as Sony Electronic Industries, or Sony Teletech. Akio Morita was firm, however, as he did not want the company tied to any particular industry. Eventually, both Ibuka and Mitsui Banks chairman gave their approval, according to Schiffer, Sonys TR-63 radio cracked open the U. S. market and launched the new industry of consumer microelectronics

8. PlayStation – The PlayStation is a home video game console developed and marketed by Sony Computer Entertainment. The console was released on 3 December 1994 in Japan,9 September 1995 in North America,29 September 1995 in Europe, the console was the first of the PlayStation lineup of home video game consoles. It primarily competed with the Nintendo 64 and the Sega Saturn as part of the generation of video game consoles. The PlayStation is the first computer entertainment platform to ship 100 million units, in 2000, a redesigned, slim version called the PSone was released, replacing the original grey console and named appropriately to avoid confusion with its successor, the PlayStation 2. In 1999, Sony announced the successor to the PlayStation, the PlayStation 2, which is compatible with the PlayStations DualShock controller and games. The last PSone units were sold in winter 2004 before it was discontinued in March 2005. The inception of what would become the released PlayStation dates back to 1986 with a joint venture between Nintendo and Sony, Nintendo approached Sony to develop a CD-ROM add-on, tentatively titled the Play Station or SNES-CD. A contract was signed, and work began, Kutaragi was nearly fired by Sony because he was originally working with Nintendo on the side without Sonys knowledge. It was then-CEO, Norio Ohga, who recognized the potential in Kutaragis chip, Ohga kept Kutaragi on at Sony, and it was not until Nintendo cancelled the project that Sony decided to develop its own console. This was also to be the used in SNES-CDs, giving a large degree of control to Sony despite Nintendos leading position in the video gaming market. The product, dubbed the Play Station was to be announced at the May 1991 Consumer Electronics Show, yamauchi decided that the contract was totally unacceptable and he secretly cancelled all plans for the joint Nintendo-Sony SNES CD attachment. After the collapse of the project, Sony briefly considered allying itself with Sega to produce a stand-alone console. The Sega CEO at the time, Tom Kalinske, took the proposal to Segas Board of Directors in Tokyo, Kalinske, in a 2013 interview recalled them saying that’s a stupid idea, Sony doesnt know how to make hardware. They don’t know how to make software either, why would we want to do this. The federal judge presiding over the case denied the injunction and, in October 1991, however, it is theorized that only 200 or so of these machines were ever produced. However, Sony decided in early 1993 to begin reworking the Play Station concept to target a new generation of hardware and software. As part of process the SNES cartridge port was dropped. Early advertising prior to the launch in North America referenced PSX

9. Halo: Combat Evolved – Halo, Combat Evolved is a 2001 military science fiction first-person shooter video game developed by Bungie and published by Microsoft Game Studios. The first game of the Halo franchise, it was released as a title for the Xbox gaming system on November 15,2001. More than five copies were sold worldwide by November 2005. The game was released as a downloadable Xbox Original for the Xbox 360. Halo is set in the century, with the player assuming the role of the Master Chief. The player is accompanied by Cortana, an artificial intelligence who occupies the Master Chiefs neural interface, players battle various aliens as they attempt to uncover the secrets of the eponymous Halo, a ring-shaped artificial world. Halo has been praised as one of the greatest video games of all time, the games popularity has led to labels such as Halo clone and Halo killer, applied respectively to games either similar to or anticipated to be better than it. In addition, the inspired and was used in the fan-created Red vs. Blue video series, which is credited as the first big success of machinima, the player can move around and look up, down, left, or right. The game features vehicles, ranging from armored jeeps and tanks to alien hovercraft and aircraft, the game switches to a third-person perspective during vehicle use for pilots and mounted gun operators, passengers maintain a first-person view. The games heads-up display includes a motion tracker that registers moving allies, moving or firing enemies, the player character is equipped with an energy shield which nullifies damage from weapons fire and forceful impacts. The shields charge appears as a bar in the corner of the games heads-up display. When the shield is depleted, the player is highly vulnerable. When this health meter reaches zero, the dies and the game reloads from a saved checkpoint. Halos arsenal consists of weapons from science fiction, the game has been praised for giving each weapon a unique purpose, thus making each useful in different scenarios. In contrast to the large inventories of contemporary FPS games. All weapons may be used to bludgeon enemies, which allows Master Chief to silently kill opponents without alerting other nearby enemies, the Chief can also carry up to eight grenades at a time, up to four fragmentation and four plasma grenades each. The games main enemy force is the Covenant, a group of alien species allied by belief in a common religion, a secondary enemy is the Flood, a parasitic alien life form that appears in three main variants

10. Xbox – The Xbox is a home video game console and the first installment in the Xbox series of consoles manufactured by Microsoft. It was released on November 15,2001, in North America, followed by Australia, Europe and it was Microsofts first foray into the gaming console market. The sixth-generation console competed with Sonys PlayStation 2 and the Nintendo GameCube and it was also the first console produced by an American company since the Atari Jaguar ceased production in 1996. Announced in 2000, The Xbox, graphically powerful compared to its rivals and it was also noted for its PC-like size and weight, and was the first console to feature a built-in hard disk. In November 2002, Microsoft launched Xbox Live, an online gaming service that enabled subscribers to download new content. Unlike other online services from Sega and Sony, Xbox Live had support in the console design through an integrated Ethernet port. The service gave Microsoft an early foothold in online gaming and would help the Xbox become a relevant competitor to other sixth-generation consoles, the popularity of blockbuster titles such as Halo 2 contributed to the popularity of online console gaming, and in particular first-person shooters. Despite this and being in position, ahead of Nintendos GameCube. Xboxs successor, the Xbox 360, was launched in November 2005, the Xbox was soon discontinued beginning with Microsofts worst-performing market, Japan, in 2005. Other countries would follow suit in 2006, the last Xbox game in Europe was Xiaolin Showdown released in June 2007, and the last game in North America was Madden NFL09 released in August 2008. Support for out-of-warranty Xbox consoles was discontinued on March 2,2009, support for Xbox Live on the console ended on April 15,2010. The team hoped to create a console to compete with Sonys upcoming PlayStation 2, the team approached Ed Fries, the leader of Microsofts game publishing business at the time, and pitched their DirectX Box console based on the DirectX graphics technology developed by Berkes team. Fries decided to support the idea of creating a Windows DirectX based console. During development, the original DirectXbox name was shortened to Xbox, Microsofts marketing department did not like the Xbox name, and suggested many alternatives. During focus testing, the Xbox name was left on the list of names to demonstrate how unpopular the Xbox name would be with consumers. However, consumer testing revealed that Xbox was preferred by far over the suggested names. It was Microsofts first video game console after collaborating with Sega to port Windows CE to the Dreamcast console, Microsoft repeatedly delayed the console, which was first mentioned publicly in late 1999 during interviews with Microsofts then-CEO Bill Gates. Gates stated that “we want Xbox to be the platform of choice for the best and most creative game developers in the world. ”The Xbox was officially announced at the Game Developers Conference on March 10,2000, audiences were impressed by the consoles technology

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