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София (журнал). София журнал
София (журнал) — Википедия (с комментариями)
Материал из Википедии — свободной энциклопедии
София — журнал, издание Новгородской епархии. Газета «София» появилась в 1992 году. Её тираж первоначально составлял 10 000 экземпляров, с 1994 года — 5 000 экземпляров. В 1997 году на смену газете пришёл одноимённый журнал. Основные темы публикаций — церковная история, новгородское краеведение.
Главный редактор журнала — архиепископ Новгородский и Старорусский Лев. Выпускающие редакторы — Нина Наумовна Жервэ и Янина Андреевна Страхова, сотрудники Научной библиотеки Санкт-Петербургского государственного университета.
Журнал издаётся ежеквартально, тираж составляет 1 000 экземпляров.
В 2009 году Новгородский государственный университет имени Ярослава Мудрого выпустил в свет аннотированный указатель содержания журнала за 1992—2007 гг. Рецензию на издание см.: «София». 2013, № 2. С. 39—40[1].
Рубрики
- Новгородская епархия: история и современность
- Время строить (1997)
- Кафедра новгородских святителей
- Слово жизни
- Церковь и государство
- Духовная жизнь и современный мир (Духовная жизнь и современность)
- Духовная жизнь
- Святыни земли новгородской
- Святые и святыни новгородской земли
- Боровичские святыни (1997)
- Старорусские святыни (1997)
- Монастырь новгородской земли
- Монастыри Новгорода
- Монастыри и храмы Новгорода
- Храмы Новгорода
- К 950-летию освящения Софийского собора (1998—2002)
- К истории Софийского собора
- Церковная археология
- Православное искусство
- Церковное искусство
- Новгородская икона
- Русские святыни
- Святыни земли русской
- Христианские святыни
- Древнерусские служебники
- К 500-летию Геннадиевской библии (1999)
- Как молились в Святой Софии
- Школа литургического музыкознания
- Новгородский паломник
- Духовное наследие Новгорода
- История русской святости
- Из прошлого новгородской епархии
- К 950-летию новгородской духовной семинарии (2000)
- Путешествие в прошлое
- Река времен
- Старые фотографии
- Имени святых
- За веру и верность
- Народное православие
- Новомученники Российские
- Новомученники и исповедники Российские
- Город Достоевского
- Литература и Церковь
- В поисках слова
- Православие и культура
- Лихудовские чтения
- Духовное чтение
- Дух, душа и тело
- Памяти Д. С. Лихачева (1999)
Напишите отзыв о статье "София (журнал)"
Литература
- Журналу «София» десять лет // София. 2007. № 1. С. 5-6.
- Епархиальному изданию Новгородской епархии «София» 20 лет // София. 2012. № 1. С. 12.
Ссылки
- [web.archive.org/web/20080716195204/www.sophia.orthodoxy.ru/magazine/index.html Архив номеров журнала (1999—2005 гг.)]
- [www.vn-eparhia.ru/zhurnal-sofiya Номера журнала 2010—2014 г.]
Примечания
- ↑ [issuu.com/684570/docs/sofiya2_13 Журнал «София». Аннотированный указатель 1992—2007 гг.]
Отрывок, характеризующий София (журнал)
– Давно у тебя молодчик этот? – спросил он у Денисова. – Нынче взяли, да ничего не знает. Я оставил его пг'и себе. – Ну, а остальных ты куда деваешь? – сказал Долохов. – Как куда? Отсылаю под г'асписки! – вдруг покраснев, вскрикнул Денисов. – И смело скажу, что на моей совести нет ни одного человека. Разве тебе тг'удно отослать тг'идцать ли, тг'иста ли человек под конвоем в гог'од, чем маг'ать, я пг'ямо скажу, честь солдата. – Вот молоденькому графчику в шестнадцать лет говорить эти любезности прилично, – с холодной усмешкой сказал Долохов, – а тебе то уж это оставить пора. – Что ж, я ничего не говорю, я только говорю, что я непременно поеду с вами, – робко сказал Петя. – А нам с тобой пора, брат, бросить эти любезности, – продолжал Долохов, как будто он находил особенное удовольствие говорить об этом предмете, раздражавшем Денисова. – Ну этого ты зачем взял к себе? – сказал он, покачивая головой. – Затем, что тебе его жалко? Ведь мы знаем эти твои расписки. Ты пошлешь их сто человек, а придут тридцать. Помрут с голоду или побьют. Так не все ли равно их и не брать? Эсаул, щуря светлые глаза, одобрительно кивал головой. – Это все г'авно, тут Рассуждать нечего. Я на свою душу взять не хочу. Ты говог'ишь – помг'ут. Ну, хог'ошо. Только бы не от меня. Долохов засмеялся. – Кто же им не велел меня двадцать раз поймать? А ведь поймают – меня и тебя, с твоим рыцарством, все равно на осинку. – Он помолчал. – Однако надо дело делать. Послать моего казака с вьюком! У меня два французских мундира. Что ж, едем со мной? – спросил он у Пети. – Я? Да, да, непременно, – покраснев почти до слез, вскрикнул Петя, взглядывая на Денисова. Опять в то время, как Долохов заспорил с Денисовым о том, что надо делать с пленными, Петя почувствовал неловкость и торопливость; но опять не успел понять хорошенько того, о чем они говорили. «Ежели так думают большие, известные, стало быть, так надо, стало быть, это хорошо, – думал он. – А главное, надо, чтобы Денисов не смел думать, что я послушаюсь его, что он может мной командовать. Непременно поеду с Долоховым во французский лагерь. Он может, и я могу». На все убеждения Денисова не ездить Петя отвечал, что он тоже привык все делать аккуратно, а не наобум Лазаря, и что он об опасности себе никогда не думает. – Потому что, – согласитесь сами, – если не знать верно, сколько там, от этого зависит жизнь, может быть, сотен, а тут мы одни, и потом мне очень этого хочется, и непременно, непременно поеду, вы уж меня не удержите, – говорил он, – только хуже будет…wiki-org.ru
София (журнал) — Википедия (с комментариями)
Материал из Википедии — свободной энциклопедии
| София | |
| Ошибка Lua в Модуль:Wikidata на строке 170: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value). | |
| издание Новгородской епархии | |
| ежеквартально | |
| Ошибка Lua в Модуль:Wikidata на строке 170: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value). | |
| русский | |
| 173000, Великий Новгород, ул. Славная, 12 | |
| Высокопреосвященный Лев, митрополит Новгородский и Старорусский | |
| Ошибка Lua в Модуль:Wikidata на строке 170: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value). | |
| Новгородская епархия | |
| Россия22x20px Россия | |
| 1992—1996 — газета, с 1997 — журнал | |
| Ошибка Lua в Модуль:Wikidata на строке 170: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value). | |
| Ошибка Lua в Модуль:Wikidata на строке 170: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value). | |
| 48 листов | |
| Ошибка Lua в Модуль:Wikidata на строке 170: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value). | |
| 1 000 экземпляров | |
| Ошибка Lua в Модуль:Wikidata на строке 170: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value). | |
| Ошибка Lua в Модуль:Wikidata на строке 170: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value). | |
| Ошибка Lua в Модуль:Wikidata на строке 170: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value). | |
Ошибка Lua в Модуль:Wikidata на строке 170: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value). | |
| Ошибка Lua в Модуль:Wikidata на строке 170: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value). | |
| Ошибка Lua в Модуль:Wikidata на строке 170: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value). | |
| Ошибка Lua в Модуль:Wikidata на строке 170: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value). | |
София — журнал, издание Новгородской епархии. Газета «София» появилась в 1992 году. Её тираж первоначально составлял 10 000 экземпляров, с 1994 года — 5 000 экземпляров. В 1997 году на смену газете пришёл одноимённый журнал. Основные темы публикаций — церковная история, новгородское краеведение.
Главный редактор журнала — архиепископ Новгородский и Старорусский Лев. Выпускающие редакторы — Нина Наумовна Жервэ и Янина Андреевна Страхова, сотрудники Научной библиотеки Санкт-Петербургского государственного университета.
Журнал издаётся ежеквартально, тираж составляет 1 000 экземпляров.
В 2009 году Новгородский государственный университет имени Ярослава Мудрого выпустил в свет аннотированный указатель содержания журнала за 1992—2007 гг. Рецензию на издание см.: «София». 2013, № 2. С. 39—40[1].
Рубрики
- Новгородская епархия: история и современность
- Время строить (1997)
- Кафедра новгородских святителей
- Слово жизни
- Церковь и государство
- Духовная жизнь и современный мир (Духовная жизнь и современность)
- Духовная жизнь
- Святыни земли новгородской
- Святые и святыни новгородской земли
- Боровичские святыни (1997)
- Старорусские святыни (1997)
- Монастырь новгородской земли
- Монастыри Новгорода
- Монастыри и храмы Новгорода
- Храмы Новгорода
- К 950-летию освящения Софийского собора (1998—2002)
- К истории Софийского собора
- Церковная археология
- Православное искусство
- Церковное искусство
- Новгородская икона
- Русские святыни
- Святыни земли русской
- Христианские святыни
- Древнерусские служебники
- К 500-летию Геннадиевской библии (1999)
- Как молились в Святой Софии
- Школа литургического музыкознания
- Новгородский паломник
- Духовное наследие Новгорода
- История русской святости
- Из прошлого новгородской епархии
- К 950-летию новгородской духовной семинарии (2000)
- Путешествие в прошлое
- Река времен
- Старые фотографии
- Имени святых
- За веру и верность
- Народное православие
- Новомученники Российские
- Новомученники и исповедники Российские
- Город Достоевского
- Литература и Церковь
- В поисках слова
- Православие и культура
- Лихудовские чтения
- Духовное чтение
- Дух, душа и тело
- Памяти Д. С. Лихачева (1999)
Напишите отзыв о статье "София (журнал)"
Литература
- Журналу «София» десять лет // София. 2007. № 1. С. 5-6.
- Епархиальному изданию Новгородской епархии «София» 20 лет // София. 2012. № 1. С. 12.
Ссылки
- [http://web.archive.org/web/20080716195204/http://www.sophia.orthodoxy.ru/magazine/index.html Архив номеров журнала (1999—2005 гг.)]
- [http://www.vn-eparhia.ru/zhurnal-sofiya Номера журнала 2010—2014 г.]
Примечания
- ↑ [http://issuu.com/684570/docs/sofiya2_13 Журнал «София». Аннотированный указатель 1992—2007 гг.]
Отрывок, характеризующий София (журнал)
Наконец, у стен Монтсегюра наступил вечер. Страшный костёр догорал, иногда ещё вспыхивая на ветру гаснущими, красными углями. За день ветер усилился и теперь бушевал во всю, разнося по долине чёрные облака копоти и гари, приправленные сладковатым запахом горелой человеческой плоти... У погребального костра, наталкиваясь на близстоявших, потерянно бродил странный, отрешённый человек... Время от времени вскрикивая чьё-то имя, он вдруг хватался за голову и начинал громко, душераздирающе рыдать. Окружающая его толпа расступалась, уважая чужое горе. А человек снова медленно брёл, ничего не видя и не замечая... Он был седым, сгорбленным и уставшим. Резкие порывы ветра развевали его длинные седые волосы, рвали с тела тонкую тёмную одежду... На мгновение человек обернулся и – о, боги!.. Он был совсем ещё молодым!!! Измождённое тонкое лицо дышало болью... А широко распахнутые серые глаза смотрели удивлённо, казалось, не понимая, где и почему он находился. Вдруг человек дико закричал и... бросился прямо в костёр!.. Вернее, в то, что от него оставалось... Рядом стоявшие люди пытались схватить его за руку, но не успели. Человек рухнул ниц на догоравшие красные угли, прижимая к груди что-то цветное... И не дышал. Наконец, кое-как оттащив его от костра подальше, окружающие увидели, что он держал, намертво зажав в своём худом, застывшем кулаке... То была яркая лента для волос, какую до свадьбы носили юные окситанские невесты... Что означало – всего каких-то несколько часов назад он ещё был счастливым молодым женихом... Ветер всё так же тревожил его за день поседевшие длинные волосы, тихо играясь в обгоревших прядях... Но человек уже ничего не чувствовал и не слышал. Вновь обретя свою любимую, он шёл с ней рука об руку по сверкающей звёздной дороге Катар, встречая их новое звёздное будущее... Он снова был очень счастливым. Всё ещё блуждавшие вокруг угасающего костра люди с застывшими в горе лицами искали останки своих родных и близких... Так же, не чувствуя пронизывающего ветра и холода, они выкатывали из пепла догоравшие кости своих сыновей, дочерей, сестёр и братьев, жён и мужей.... Или даже просто друзей... Время от времени кто-то с плачем поднимал почерневшее в огне колечко... полусгоревший ботинок... и даже головку куклы, которая, скатившись в сторону, не успела полностью сгореть... Тот же маленький человечек, Хюг де Арси, был очень доволен. Всё наконец-то закончилось – катарские еретики были мертвы. Теперь он мог спокойно отправляться домой. Крикнув замёрзшему в карауле рыцарю, чтобы привели его коня, Арси повернул к сидящим у огня воинам, чтобы дать им последние распоряжения. Его настроение было радостным и приподнятым – затянувшаяся на долгие месяцы миссия наконец-то пришла к «счастливому» завершению... Его долг был исполнен. И он мог честно собой гордиться. Через короткое мгновение вдали уже слышалось быстрое цоканье конских копыт – сенешаль города Каркассона спешил домой, где его ждал обильный горячий ужин и тёплый камин, чтобы согреть его замёрзшее, уставшее с дороги тело. На высокой горе Монтсегюр слышался громкий и горестный плач орлов – они провожали в последний путь своих верных друзей и хозяев... Орлы плакали очень громко... В селении Монтсегюр люди боязливо закрывали двери. Плач орлов разносился по всей долине. Они скорбели...o-ili-v.ru
София (журнал) - WikiVisually
1. Новгородская епархия – The Novgorod and Staraya Russa Diocese is one of the oldest offices in the Russian Orthodox Church. The office of bishop of Novgorod was created around the time of the Christianization of Rus, the first bishop, Ioakim Korsunianin, built the first Cathedral of Holy Wisdom with thirteen tops around the time of his arrival in Novgorod. That cathedral burned in 1045, and the current, stone, cathedral and it was consecrated by Bishop Luka Zhidiata on the Feast of the Exaltation of the Cross, September 14,1052. The office remained a bishopric until it 1165 when Metropolitan Kirill raised Ilya to the archiepiscopal dignity, formally, though the status of the Novgorodian church remained unchanged and was still part of the Province of Kiev. Around 1400, the archbishops began referring to themselves as Archbishop of Novgorod the Great, in 1156, Bishop Arkadii was elected by the veche because the metropolitan throne in Kiev was vacant at that time. Over the next centuries, a process of local election either by the veche, by the local clergy. It was last used in the election of Archbishop Sergei in 1483, while some Russian chronicles refer to all Novgorodian prelates as archbishops, the office was not formally raised to the archiepiscopal status until 1165. There is evidence, however, that suggests that Nifont held the archiepiscopal title personally even before that, an antimins from the St. Nicholas Cathedral on the Market bears an inscription referring to Nifont as archbishop. It then continued to grow in power into the fifteenth century. After the Muscovite conquest in 1478, the office fell somewhat into decline and his successor, Serapion was removed from office after only three years and the see sat vacant for seventeen years. Like the rest of Russia, the archiepiscopal office suffered hardship during the reign of Ivan the Terrible and the subsequent Time of Troubles. Novgorod seems to have suffered more than most, as the Oprichnina massacred a number of the citizenry in the city in 1570 and looted the Cathedral of Holy Wisdom and other places in the city. At around the time of the massacre, Tsar Ivan the Terrible removed Archbishop Pimen from office, Pimen died in 1572 under uncertain circumstances in the Monastery of St. Nicholas in Tula. His successor, Archbishop Leonid, was beheaded in Moscow on Cathedral Square in the Kremlin on the orders of the Tsar in October 1575, leonids successor, Aleksandr, was elevated to the metropolitan rank in 1589, becoming the Metropolitan of Novgorod the Great and Velikie Luki. The office remained a metropolitanate until 1720 when it was reduced to an archiepiscopate. It was elevated to the level again in 1762. It was separated from St. Petersburg in 1892, the new city of St. Archbishop Dmitry, served as Catherine the Greats spiritual advisor for the first few years of her reign and crowned her Empress in 1762. The Novgorodian Eparchy was combined again with Leningrad after the re-legalization of the church in 1943 and it was briefly separated in the 1950s and combined with Leningrad, again, in the 1960s
2. Великий Новгород – It is situated on the M10 federal highway connecting Moscow and St. Petersburg. The city lies along the Volkhov River just downstream from its outflow from Lake Ilmen, UNESCO recognized Novgorod as a World Heritage Site in 1992. At its peak during the 14th century, the city was the capital of the Novgorod Republic, the Charter of Veliky Novgorod recognizes 859 as the year when the city was first mentioned. Archaeological dating is fairly easy and accurate to within 15–25 years, as the streets were paved with wood, and most of the houses made of wood, allowing tree ring dating. The Varangian name of the city Holmgård/Holmgard is mentioned in Norse Sagas as existing at a yet earlier stage, originally, Holmgård referred only to the stronghold southeast of the present-day city, Rurikovo Gorodische. First mention of this Nordic or Germanic etymology to the name of the city of Novgorod occurs in the 10th-century policy manual De Administrando Imperio by Byzantine emperor Constantine VII, in 882, Ruriks successor, Oleg of Novgorod, conquered Kiev and founded the state of Kievan Rus. Novgorods size as well as its political, economic, and cultural influence made it the second most important city in Kievan Rus, according to a custom, the elder son and heir of the ruling Kievan monarch was sent to rule Novgorod even as a minor. When the ruling monarch had no son, Novgorod was governed by posadniks, such as the legendary Gostomysl, Dobrynya, Konstantin. Of all their princes, Novgorodians most cherished the memory of Yaroslav the Wise and his son, Vladimir, sponsored construction of the great St. Sophia Cathedral, more accurately translated as the Cathedral of Holy Wisdom, which stands to this day. In Norse sagas the city is mentioned as the capital of Gardariki, four Viking kings—Olaf I of Norway, Olaf II of Norway, Magnus I of Norway, and Harald Hardrada—sought refuge in Novgorod from enemies at home. No more than a few decades after the 1030 death and subsequent canonization of Olaf II of Norway, the town of Visby in Gotland functioned as the leading trading center in the Baltic before the Hansa League. At Novgorod in 1080, Visby merchants established a trading post which they named Gutagard, later, in the first half of the 13th century, merchants from northern Germany also established their own trading station in Novgorod, known as Peterhof. At about the time, in 1229, German merchants at Novgorod were granted certain privileges. In 1136, the Novgorodians dismissed their prince Vsevolod Mstislavich, the year is seen as the traditional beginning of the Novgorod Republic. One of the most important local figures in Novgorod was the posadnik, or mayor, the tysyatsky, or thousandman, originally the head of the town militia but later a commercial and judicial official, was also elected by the Veche. Another important local official was the Archbishop of Novgorod who shared power with the boyars, archbishops were elected by the Veche or by the drawing of lots, and after their election, were sent to the metropolitan for consecration. While a basic outline of the officials and the Veche can be drawn up. The boyars and the archbishop ruled the city together, although where one officials power ended, throughout the Middle Ages, the city thrived culturally
3. Лев (Церпицкий) – Metropolitan Leo is the current Metropolitan of Novgorod and Staraya Russa. He was named Bishop of Novgorod the Great and Staraya Russa on July 20,1990 and elevated to the archiepiscopal dignity on February 25,1995 and he was born in the village of Zaluzhye in the Stowbtsy Raion of Minsk Oblast in Belarus on April 13,1946. He is the grandson of a priest and he studied at the Papal Gregorian University from 1975-1978. On 28 March 1971, he was shorn a monk by Metropolitan Nikodim of Leningrad and Novgorod, from 1972 to 1975, he was personal secretary to Metropolitan Nikodim. He was consecrated Bishop of Tashkent on November 1,1987, since becoming Bishop of Novgorod and Staraya Russa, Leo has overseen the rebuilding of the church in the eparchy in the aftermath of the Soviet collapse. The Holy Synod on December 28,2011 appointed him head of the Metropoly of Novgorod and he was elevated to the rank of metropolitan on January 8,2012 in the Dormition Cathedral of Moscow Kremlin by Patriarch of Russia, Kirill I. Lev has been the recipient of several secular and ecclesiastical awards, in 1992, he was made an honorary citizen of Novgorod the Great. On March 30,2006, President Vladimir Putin awarded him the Order For Merit to the Fatherland and he has also received the Order of Honour, the Order of Sergius of Radonezh, 4th class, and the Order of St. In 2004, he was a recipient of the Yaroslav the Wise Medal, Archbishop Levs biography Archbishop Levs biography on website of the Moscow Patriarchate
4. Россия – Russia, also officially the Russian Federation, is a country in Eurasia. The European western part of the country is more populated and urbanised than the eastern. Russias capital Moscow is one of the largest cities in the world, other urban centers include Saint Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg, Nizhny Novgorod. Extending across the entirety of Northern Asia and much of Eastern Europe, Russia spans eleven time zones and incorporates a range of environments. It shares maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk, the East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD. Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants, in 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire, beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium. Rus ultimately disintegrated into a number of states, most of the Rus lands were overrun by the Mongol invasion. The Soviet Union played a role in the Allied victory in World War II. The Soviet era saw some of the most significant technological achievements of the 20th century, including the worlds first human-made satellite and the launching of the first humans in space. By the end of 1990, the Soviet Union had the second largest economy, largest standing military in the world. It is governed as a federal semi-presidential republic, the Russian economy ranks as the twelfth largest by nominal GDP and sixth largest by purchasing power parity in 2015. Russias extensive mineral and energy resources are the largest such reserves in the world, making it one of the producers of oil. The country is one of the five recognized nuclear weapons states and possesses the largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction, Russia is a great power as well as a regional power and has been characterised as a potential superpower. The name Russia is derived from Rus, a state populated mostly by the East Slavs. However, this name became more prominent in the later history, and the country typically was called by its inhabitants Русская Земля. In order to distinguish this state from other states derived from it, it is denoted as Kievan Rus by modern historiography, an old Latin version of the name Rus was Ruthenia, mostly applied to the western and southern regions of Rus that were adjacent to Catholic Europe. The current name of the country, Россия, comes from the Byzantine Greek designation of the Kievan Rus, the standard way to refer to citizens of Russia is Russians in English and rossiyane in Russian. There are two Russian words which are translated into English as Russians
5. Газета – A newspaper is a serial publication containing news about current events, other informative articles about politics, sports, arts, and so on, and advertising. A newspaper is usually, but not exclusively, printed on relatively inexpensive, the journalism organizations that publish newspapers are themselves often metonymically called newspapers. As of 2017, most newspapers are now published online as well as in print, the online versions are called online newspapers or news websites. Newspapers are typically published daily or weekly, News magazines are also weekly, but they have a magazine format. General-interest newspapers typically publish news articles and feature articles on national and international news as well as local news, typically the paper is divided into sections for each of those major groupings. Papers also include articles which have no byline, these articles are written by staff writers, a wide variety of material has been published in newspapers. As of 2017, newspapers may also provide information about new movies, most newspapers are businesses, and they pay their expenses with a mixture of subscription revenue, newsstand sales, and advertising revenue. Some newspapers are government-run or at least government-funded, their reliance on advertising revenue, the editorial independence of a newspaper is thus always subject to the interests of someone, whether owners, advertisers, or a government. Some newspapers with high editorial independence, high quality. This is a way to avoid duplicating the expense of reporting from around the world, circa 2005, there were approximately 6,580 daily newspaper titles in the world selling 395 million print copies a day. Worldwide annual revenue approached $100 billion in 2005-7, then plunged during the financial crisis of 2008-9. Revenue in 2016 fell to only $53 billion, hurting every major publisher as their efforts to gain online income fell far short of the goal. Besides remodeling advertising, the internet has also challenged the business models of the era by crowdsourcing both publishing in general and, more specifically, journalism. In addition, the rise of news aggregators, which bundle linked articles from online newspapers. Increasing paywalling of online newspapers may be counteracting those effects, the oldest newspaper still published is the Gazzetta di Mantova, which was established in Mantua in 1664. While online newspapers have increased access to newspapers by people with Internet access, literacy is also a factor which prevents people who cannot read from being able to benefit from reading newspapers. Periodicity, They are published at intervals, typically daily or weekly. This ensures that newspapers can provide information on newly-emerging news stories or events, currency, Its information is as up to date as its publication schedule allows
6. Журнал – A magazine is a publication, usually a periodical publication, which is printed or electronically published. Magazines are generally published on a schedule and contain a variety of content. They are generally financed by advertising, by a price, by prepaid subscriptions. At its root, the magazine refers to a collection or storage location. In the case of written publication, it is a collection of written articles and this explains why magazine publications share the word root with gunpowder magazines, artillery magazines, firearms magazines, and, in French, retail stores such as department stores. By definition, a magazine paginates with each issue starting at three, with the standard sizing being 8 3/8 ×10 7/8 inches. However, in the sense a journal has continuous pagination throughout a volume. Some professional or trade publications are also peer-reviewed, an example being the Journal of Accountancy, academic or professional publications that are not peer-reviewed are generally professional magazines. That a publication calls itself a journal does not make it a journal in the technical sense, magazines can be distributed through the mail, through sales by newsstands, bookstores, or other vendors, or through free distribution at selected pick-up locations. The subscription business models for distribution fall into three main categories. In this model, the magazine is sold to readers for a price, either on a basis or by subscription. Paid circulation allows for defined readership statistics and this means that there is no cover price and issues are given away, for example in street dispensers, airline, or included with other products or publications. Because this model involves giving issues away to unspecific populations, the statistics only entail the number of issues distributed and this is the model used by many trade magazines distributed only to qualifying readers, often for free and determined by some form of survey. This allows a level of certainty that advertisements will be received by the advertisers target audience. This latter model was used before the rise of the World Wide Web and is still employed by some titles. For example, in the United Kingdom, a number of computer-industry magazines use this model, including Computer Weekly and Computing, for the global media industry, an example would be VideoAge International. The earliest example of magazines was Erbauliche Monaths Unterredungen, a literary and philosophy magazine, the Gentlemans Magazine, first published in 1731, in London was the first general-interest magazine. Edward Cave, who edited The Gentlemans Magazine under the pen name Sylvanus Urban, was the first to use the term magazine, founded by Herbert Ingram in 1842, The Illustrated London News was the first illustrated magazine
7. Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет – Saint Petersburg State University is a Russian federal state-owned higher education institution based in Saint Petersburg. It is the oldest and one of the largest universities in Russia, the university has two primary campuses, one on Vasilievsky Island and the other in Peterhof. During the Soviet period, it was known as Leningrad State University and it was named after Andrei Zhdanov in 1948. Saint Petersburg State University is the second best multi-faculty university in Russia after Moscow State University, the university has a reputation for having educated the majority of Russias political elite, these include presidents Vladimir Putin and Dimitry Medvedev, both of whom studied Law at the university. The university is Russias oldest university, founded in 1724 by Peter the Great, Saint Petersburg state university is included in all ratings and lists of the best universities in the world and is one of the leaders in all indicators in Russia. The university was the first from Russian universities to join The Coimbra Group and it is disputed by the university administration whether Saint Petersburg State University or Moscow State University is the oldest higher education institution in Russia. The Petersburg Pedagogical Institute, renamed the Main Pedagogical Institute in 1814, was established in 1804, in 1823 most of the university moved from the Twelve Collegia to the southern part of the city beyond the Fontanka. In 1824 a modified version of the charter of Moscow University was adopted as the first charter of the Saint Petersburg Imperial University, in 1829 there were 19 full professors and 169 full-time and part-time students at the university. In 1830 Tsar Nicholas returned the building of the Twelve Collegia back to the university. In 1835 a new Charter of the Imperial Universities of Russia was approved, however, Pyotr Pletnyov was reappointed Rector and ultimately became the longest-serving rector of Saint Petersburg University. In 1855 Oriental studies were separated from the Faculty of History and Philology, in 1859–1861 female part-time students could attend lectures in the university. In 1861 there were 1,270 full-time and 167 part-time students in the university, of them 498 were in the Faculty of Law, many Russian, Georgian etc. managers, engineers and scientists studied at the Faculty of law therefore. During 1861–1862 there was student unrest in the university, and it was closed twice during the year. The students were denied freedom of assembly and placed under police surveillance, after the unrest, in 1865, only 524 students remained. A decree of the Emperor Alexander II of Russia adopted on 18 February 1863 restored the right of the university assembly to elect the rector and it also formed the new faculty of the theory and history of art as part of the faculty of history and philology. In March 1869, student unrest shook the university again but on a smaller scale, by 1869,2,588 students had graduated from the university. In 1880 the Ministry of National Enlightenment forbade students to marry, in 1882 another student unrest took place in the university. In 1884 a new Charter of the Imperial Russian Universities was adopted, on March 1,1887 a group of the university students was arrested while planning an attempt on the life of Alexander III of Russia
8. Печатное издание – Printed matter is a term to describe printed material produced by printers or publishers, such as books, magazines, booklets, brochures and other publicity materials and in some cases, newspapers. Depending on the specific postal regulations of the country, it is usually non-personal correspondence, most postal authorities do not permit additional services, like registration or express services, to be added to items mailed as printed matter. The rate was one cent for every ounce or fraction of an ounce, for international shipment of printed matter, the USPS provides a discount M-bag service, following the 2007 elimination of surface mail, only airmail M-bag remains. The term is Printed Papers as used by the Royal Mail
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