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Вестник Европы (1802—1830). Журнал вестник европы 1802 1830

Вестник Европы (М., 1802—1830) — Буквица

Описание

Вестник Европы — журнал, выходил в Москве в 1802—1830, 2 раза в месяц. Основан Н. М. Карамзиным. Вышло 696 номеров (174 части). Изд. — Н. М. Карамзин (1802—1803), П. П. Сумароков (1804), М. Т. Каченовский (1805—1807), В. А. Жуковский (1808—1809), В. А. Жуковский и М. Т. Каченовский (1809—1810), М. Т. Каченовский (1811—1813), В. В. Измайлов (1814), М. Т. Каченовский (1815—1830).

За 29 лет существования журнал проделал сложный путь, меняя свой характер не только в силу изменения общественно-политической ситуации в стране, но и в зависимости от взглядов издателей.

Карамзинский «В. Е.» был первым русским литературно-политическим журналом, в котором широко освещались вопросы внешней и внутренней политики России, а также история и политическая жизнь иностранных государств. Журнал состоял из двух отделов: Литература и смесь и Политика.

В литературном отделе «В. Е.» в это время участвовали Г. Р. Державин, И. И. Дмитриев, В. А. Жуковский, В. В. Измайлов, Ю. А. Нелединский-Мелецкий, В. Л. Пушкин, М. М. Херасков. Главным сотрудником был сам Карамзин, статьи и повести которого составляли основу журнала («Моя исповедь» — 1802, № 6; «Рыцарь нашего времени» — 1802, №№ 13 и 18; 1803, № 6; «Марфа-посадница» — 1803, № 1—3 и др.). Из иностранных писателей особое предпочтение оказывалось Жанлис — ее произведения печатались из номера в номер; имена Шиллера, Гердера и других авторов встречаются лишь случайно.

Критику Карамзин из программы журнала исключил, находя ее преждевременной «роскошью» для нынешнего состояния русской литературы («К читателям Вестника» — 1802, № 23).

Значительное место занимают статьи Карамзина, касающиеся внутренней жизни России. В них трактуются вопросы просвещения, экономики, сословных отношений. Характерная их черта — идеализация крепостнической действительности (напр., статья «Приятные виды, надежды и желания нынешнего времени», 1802, № 12).

В отделе Политика печатались политические известия, заимствованные из иностранных журналов, и статьи по самым различным вопросам политической жизни Европы и Америки. Позиция журнала в этих вопросах весьма осторожна. Утверждение, что «одно время и благая воля правительств должны исправить несовершенство гражданских обществ» (1802, № 12, стр. 310), очень характерно для «В. Е.» этого периода.

С переходом журнала к П. П. Сумарокову «В. Е.» становится исключительно литературным изданием. Ведущую роль в Литературном отделе приобретает кн. Шаликов, эпигон Карамзина. С № 13 начинает сотрудничать М. Т. Каченовский, печатается П. И. Макаров («Россиянин в Лондоне», 1804, № 9). В Переводах, кроме Жанлис, печатаются произведения Дюкре-Дюмениля, Лафонтена. Исчезают введенные Карамзиным политические статьи, отдел политики сводится к перечню известий.

В период редакторства Каченовского журнал становится еще консервативнее. Война с Францией определила позиции «В. Е.» в вопросах политики. С этим связано возобновление политического фельетона (с конца 1805), а также появление патриотической лирики Воейкова, Вельяминова-Зернова, С. Глинки, Жуковского («Песнь барда над гробом славян-победителей» — 1806, № 7), А. Ф. Мерзлякова и др. Проблемы внутренней политики почти не освещаются, немногие статьи по этим вопросам носят откровенно крепостнический характер (И. П-н «Добрый помещик» — 1807, № 20). С 1806 вводится критика и театральные рецензии. В вопросах литературной борьбы «В. Е.» в этот период поддерживает реакционную позицию А. С. Шишкова (Лука Говоров «Письмо из города NN в столицу» — 1807, № 8; анонимный «Ответ...» Шишкова — 1807, № 24 и другие статьи). Состав литературного отдела остается тот же. Особенно интенсивно сотрудничество Жуковского и Каченовского (последнему принадлежит почти вся проза). Новые имена: К. Н. Батюшков (с 1807), А. Ф. Воейков (с 1806), А. А. Писарев (с 1807). Публиковались переводы произведений Коцебу, Шатобриана, Эджеворта, Энгеля. Систематически печатались очерки Телассона о великих художниках.

Кратковременный расцвет журнала связан с именем Жуковского. Преобладающее место в «В. Е.» занимает литературный отдел, в котором в это время сосредоточились лучшие силы: кроме самого Жуковского, Батюшкова и Мерзлякова, печатались П. Вяземский, Н. Гнедич, И. Долгорукий, Д. Давыдов, А. Мещевский, А. Раевский, А. Тургенев, С. Филимонов и др. Из западных авторов печатались переводы произведений Гиббона, Шамфора, Шиллера и др. В соответствии с объявленной им программой (анонимное «Письмо из уезда к издателю», 1808, № 1) Жуковский ставит главным образом просветительские задачи. От критических статей и политического фельетона он декларативно отказался и свел отдел политики к перечню известий.

В 1810—1813 с возвращением Каченовского большое значение приобретает научный отдел, в котором печатаются в основном исторические и археологические статьи. Публикуются работы профессоров П. Калайдовича, К. Калайдовича, Мерзлякова, Снегирева, Тимковского, Шлецера и др. Политический отдел сводится к выпискам из иностранных газет. Отдел критики солидаризируется в принципе с Шишковым («Разговор о словесности», 1811, № 12). Большое место занимают переводы — Жанлис, Парни, Руссо, Шатобриан, Энгель, Эджеворт, Юм и др. Систематически печатаются исторические труды Гиббона («История упадка и разрушения Римской империи», 1810—1811).

Год редакторства Измайлова (1814) ознаменовался дебютом А. С. Пушкина (5 стихотворений, №№ 14, 18, 19, 20), А. С. Грибоедова (2 статьи по военным вопросам, №№ 15, 22) и других молодых поэтов — А. Дельвига, М. Дмитриева, И. Пущина, А. Илличевского. Несколько расширяется оригинальная проза (сентиментальные повести Измайлова). В целом «В. Е.» принимает ярко выраженное консервативное направление.

К 1815 «В. Е.» окончательно приобретает «ученый» характер. Определяется состав отделов, сохранившийся до конца: 1. Изящная словесность, 2. Изящные искусства, науки и литература, 3. Современные история и политика, 4. Смесь. Центральное место занимают статьи по истории и по вопросам экономической жизни России и политической экономии. Печатаются переводные материалы по истории и литературе славянских стран (Вук Караджич, Фетер и др.). Для «В. Е.» характерно сочетание пропаганды развития промышленности и защиты крепостнической системы хозяйства. Усиливаются охранительные тенденции, особенно после восстания декабристов 1825.

Литературный отдел сходит на нет. Из журнала постепенно уходят Батюшков, Вяземский, В. Пушкин, Милонов, Гнедич, Воейков. С уходом В. Измайлова (1816) и Жуковского (1819) обрывается оригинальная проза. Имена новых сотрудников случайны, среди них С. Е. Раич (с 1820), А. И. Полежаев (1825—1826), В. Ф. Одоевский, М. П. Погодин. Значительную роль играет только Н. И. Надеждин (1828—1830). Преобладающее место занимают переводы, главным образом с английского (Байрон, В. Скотт, Ирвинг) и немецкого (Гофман, Ж. П. Рихтер и др.). Консервативные тенденции «В. Е.» сказываются и на его литературных позициях, враждебных передовым литературным группировкам (статья «Жителя Бутырской слободы» против «Руслана и Людмилы» — 1820, № 11; полемика с Вяземским по поводу «Бахчисарайского фонтана» в 1824; статьи А. Писарева и М. Дмитриева против Грибоедова — 1825, №№ 6 и 10, Надеждина против Пушкина — 1830, № 7 и пр.).

Ист.: Русская периодическая печать (1702—1894): Справочник. — М.: Гос. изд-во Полит. лит., 1959

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Вестник Европы (1802—1830) - WikiVisually

1. Карамзин, Николай Михайлович – Nikolay Mikhailovich Karamzin was a Russian writer, poet, historian and critic. He is best remembered for his History of the Russian State, Karamzin was born in the village of Znamenskoye, in Simbirsk Governorate on 1 December 1766. His father was an officer in the Russian army, after residing for some time in St Petersburg he went to Simbirsk, where he lived in retirement until induced to revisit Moscow. There, finding himself in the midst of the society of learned men, in 1789, he resolved to travel, visiting Germany, France, Switzerland and England. On his return he published his Letters of a Russian Traveller, in the same periodical, Karamzin also published translations from French and some original stories, including Poor Liza and Natalia the Boyars Daughter. These stories introduced Russian readers to sentimentalism, and Karamzin was hailed as a Russian Sterne, from 1797 to 1799, he issued another miscellany or poetical almanac, The Aonides, in conjunction with Derzhavin and Dmitriev. In 1798 he compiled The Pantheon, a collection of pieces from the works of the most celebrated authors ancient and modern, many of his lighter productions were subsequently printed by him in a volume entitled My Trifles. His example proved beneficial for the creation of a Russian literary language, in 1802 and 1803, Karamzin edited the journal the Envoy of Europe. It was not until after the publication of work that he realized where his strength lay. In order to accomplish the task, he secluded himself for two years at Simbirsk, when Emperor Alexander learned the cause of his retirement, Karamzin was invited to Tver, where he read to the emperor the first eight volumes of his history. He did not, however, live to carry his work further than the eleventh volume and he died on 22 May 1826, in the Tauride Palace. A monument was erected to his memory at Simbirsk in 1845, Karamzin is credited for having introduced the letter Ë/ë into the Russian alphabet some time after 1795, replacing the obsolete form that had been patterned after the extant letter Ю/ю. Ironically, the use of form is generally deprecated, typically appearing merely as E/e in books other than dictionaries. Karamzin is well-regarded as a historian, until the appearance of his work, little had been done in this direction in Russia. The preceding attempt of Vasily Tatishchev was merely a rough sketch, inelegant in style, Karamzin was most industrious in accumulating materials, and the notes to his volumes are mines of interesting information. In the battle pieces, he demonstrates considerable powers of description, as a critic Karamzin was of great service to his country, in fact he may be regarded as the founder of the review and essay among the Russians. Also, Karamzin is sometimes considered a father of Russian conservatism. Upon appointing him a historian, Alexander I greatly valued Karamzins advice on political matters

2. Жуковский, Василий Андреевич – Vasily Andreyevich Zhukovsky was the foremost Russian poet of the 1810s and a leading figure in Russian literature in the first half of the 19th century. He held a position at the Romanov court as tutor to the Grand Duchess Alexandra Feodorovna and later to her son. Zhukovsky is credited with introducing the Romantic Movement into Russia, many of his translations have become classics of Russian literature, better-written and more enduring in Russian than in their original languages. Zhukovsky was born in the village of Mishenskoe, in Tula Governorate, Russian Empire, the Bunin family had a literary bent and some 90 years later produced the Nobel Prize-winning modernist writer Ivan Bunin. At the age of fourteen, he was sent to Moscow to be educated at the Moscow University Noblemens Pension, there he was heavily influenced by Freemasonry, as well as by the fashionable literary trends of English Sentimentalism and German Sturm und Drang. He also met Nikolay Karamzin, the preeminent Russian man of letters, in December 1802, the 19-year-old Zhukovsky published a free translation of Thomas Grays Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard in Karamzins journal. The translation was the first sustained example of his trademark sentimental-melancholy style and it made him so well known among Russian readers that in 1808 Karamzin asked him to take over the editorship of The Herald of Europe. The young poet used this position to explore Romantic themes, motifs, Zhukovsky was among the first Russian writers to cultivate the mystique of the Romantic poet. Much of his work was inspired by his half-niece Maria Masha Protasova. He also came under the influence of Romanticism in the medieval Hansa cities of Dorpat and Revel, now called Tartu and Tallinn, the university at Dorpat had been reopened as the only German-speaking university in Imperial Russia. Zhukovskys rise at court began with Napoleons invasion of 1812 and with the consequent revilement of French as the foreign language of the Russian aristocracy. Like thousands of others, Zhukovsky volunteered for the defense of Moscow and was present at the Battle of Borodino, there he joined the Russian general staff under Field Marshal Kutuzov, who drafted him to work on propaganda and morale. After the war, he settled down temporarily in the village of Dolbino, near Moscow and his work in this period attracted the attention of Grand Duchess Alexandra Feodorovna, the German-born wife of Grand Duke Nicholas, the future Tsar Nicholas I. Alexandra invited Zhukovsky to St. Petersburg to be her personal Russian tutor, many of Zhukovskys best translations from German, including almost all of his translations of Goethe, were made as practical language exercises for Alexandra. Among his first acts on moving to St. Petersburg was to establish the jocular Arzamas literary society in order to promote Karamzins European-oriented, members of the Arzamas included the teenage Alexander Pushkin, who rapidly emerged as his poetic heir apparent. Indeed, by the early 1820s, Pushkin had upstaged Zhukovsky in terms of the originality, yet the two remained lifelong friends, with the older poet acting as a literary mentor and protector at court. Much of Zhukovskys subsequent influence can be attributed to this gift for friendship and his good personal relations with Nicholas spared him the fate of other liberal-intellectuals following the ill-starred 1825 Decembrist Revolt. Shortly after Nicholas ascended the throne, he appointed Zhukovsky tutor to the tsarevich Alexander, later to become the Tsar-Liberator Alexander II, Zhukovskys progressive educational methods influenced the young Alexander so deeply that many historians attribute the liberal reforms of the 1860s at least partially to them

3. Российская империя – The Russian Empire was a state that existed from 1721 until it was overthrown by the short-lived February Revolution in 1917. One of the largest empires in history, stretching over three continents, the Russian Empire was surpassed in landmass only by the British and Mongol empires. The rise of the Russian Empire happened in association with the decline of neighboring powers, the Swedish Empire, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, Persia. It played a role in 1812–14 in defeating Napoleons ambitions to control Europe. The House of Romanov ruled the Russian Empire from 1721 until 1762, and its German-descended cadet branch, with 125.6 million subjects registered by the 1897 census, it had the third-largest population in the world at the time, after Qing China and India. Like all empires, it included a large disparity in terms of economics, ethnicity, there were numerous dissident elements, who launched numerous rebellions and assassination attempts, they were closely watched by the secret police, with thousands exiled to Siberia. Economically, the empire had an agricultural base, with low productivity on large estates worked by serfs. The economy slowly industrialized with the help of foreign investments in railways, the land was ruled by a nobility from the 10th through the 17th centuries, and subsequently by an emperor. Tsar Ivan III laid the groundwork for the empire that later emerged and he tripled the territory of his state, ended the dominance of the Golden Horde, renovated the Moscow Kremlin, and laid the foundations of the Russian state. Tsar Peter the Great fought numerous wars and expanded an already huge empire into a major European power, Catherine the Great presided over a golden age. She expanded the state by conquest, colonization and diplomacy, continuing Peter the Greats policy of modernisation along West European lines, Tsar Alexander II promoted numerous reforms, most dramatically the emancipation of all 23 million serfs in 1861. His policy in Eastern Europe involved protecting the Orthodox Christians under the rule of the Ottoman Empire and that connection by 1914 led to Russias entry into the First World War on the side of France, Britain, and Serbia, against the German, Austrian and Ottoman empires. The Russian Empire functioned as a monarchy until the Revolution of 1905. The empire collapsed during the February Revolution of 1917, largely as a result of failures in its participation in the First World War. Perhaps the latter was done to make Europe recognize Russia as more of a European country, Poland was divided in the 1790-1815 era, with much of the land and population going to Russia. Most of the 19th century growth came from adding territory in Asia, Peter I the Great introduced autocracy in Russia and played a major role in introducing his country to the European state system. However, this vast land had a population of 14 million, grain yields trailed behind those of agriculture in the West, compelling nearly the entire population to farm. Only a small percentage lived in towns, the class of kholops, close to the one of slavery, remained a major institution in Russia until 1723, when Peter I converted household kholops into house serfs, thus including them in poll taxation

4. Москва – Moscow is the capital and most populous city of Russia, with 13.2 million residents within the city limits and 17.8 million within the urban area. Moscow has the status of a Russian federal city, Moscow is a major political, economic, cultural, and scientific center of Russia and Eastern Europe, as well as the largest city entirely on the European continent. Moscow is the northernmost and coldest megacity and metropolis on Earth and it is home to the Ostankino Tower, the tallest free standing structure in Europe, the Federation Tower, the tallest skyscraper in Europe, and the Moscow International Business Center. Moscow is situated on the Moskva River in the Central Federal District of European Russia, the city is well known for its architecture, particularly its historic buildings such as Saint Basils Cathedral with its brightly colored domes. Moscow is the seat of power of the Government of Russia, being the site of the Moscow Kremlin, the Moscow Kremlin and Red Square are also one of several World Heritage Sites in the city. Both chambers of the Russian parliament also sit in the city and it is recognized as one of the citys landmarks due to the rich architecture of its 200 stations. In old Russian the word also meant a church administrative district. The demonym for a Moscow resident is москвич for male or москвичка for female, the name of the city is thought to be derived from the name of the Moskva River. There have been proposed several theories of the origin of the name of the river and its cognates include Russian, музга, muzga pool, puddle, Lithuanian, mazgoti and Latvian, mazgāt to wash, Sanskrit, majjati to drown, Latin, mergō to dip, immerse. There exist as well similar place names in Poland like Mozgawa, the original Old Russian form of the name is reconstructed as *Москы, *Mosky, hence it was one of a few Slavic ū-stem nouns. From the latter forms came the modern Russian name Москва, Moskva, in a similar manner the Latin name Moscovia has been formed, later it became a colloquial name for Russia used in Western Europe in the 16th–17th centuries. From it as well came English Muscovy, various other theories, having little or no scientific ground, are now largely rejected by contemporary linguists. The surface similarity of the name Russia with Rosh, an obscure biblical tribe or country, the oldest evidence of humans on the territory of Moscow dates from the Neolithic. Within the modern bounds of the city other late evidence was discovered, on the territory of the Kremlin, Sparrow Hills, Setun River and Kuntsevskiy forest park, etc. The earliest East Slavic tribes recorded as having expanded to the upper Volga in the 9th to 10th centuries are the Vyatichi and Krivichi, the Moskva River was incorporated as part of Rostov-Suzdal into the Kievan Rus in the 11th century. By AD1100, a settlement had appeared on the mouth of the Neglinnaya River. The first known reference to Moscow dates from 1147 as a place of Yuri Dolgoruky. At the time it was a town on the western border of Vladimir-Suzdal Principality

5. Литература – Literature, in its broadest sense, is any single body of written works. Its Latin root literatura/litteratura was used to refer to all written accounts, developments in print technology have allowed an evergrowing distribution and proliferation of written works, culminating in electronic literature. There have been attempts to define literature. Simon and Delyse Ryan begin their attempt to answer the question What is Literature, with the observation, The quest to discover a definition for literature is a road that is much travelled, though the point of arrival, if ever reached, is seldom satisfactory. Most attempted definitions are broad and vague, and they change over time. In fact, the thing that is certain about defining literature is that the definition will change. Concepts of what is literature change over time as well, definitions of literature have varied over time, it is a culturally relative definition. In Western Europe prior to the century, literature as a term indicated all books. A more restricted sense of the term emerged during the Romantic period, contemporary debates over what constitutes literature can be seen as returning to the older, more inclusive notion of what constitutes literature. Cultural studies, for instance, takes as its subject of both popular and minority genres, in addition to canonical works. The value judgment definition of literature considers it to cover exclusively those writings that possess high quality or distinction and this sort of definition is that used in the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition when it classifies literature as the best expression of the best thought reduced to writing. The formalist definition is that literature foregrounds poetic effects, it is the literariness or poetic of literature that distinguishes it from ordinary speech or other kinds of writing. Etymologically, the term derives from Latin literatura/litteratura learning, a writing, grammar, originally writing formed with letters, in spite of this, the term has also been applied to spoken or sung texts. Poetry is a form of art which uses aesthetic and rhythmic qualities of language to evoke meanings in addition to, or in place of. Possibly as a result of Aristotles influence, poetry before the century was usually less a technical designation for verse than a normative category of fictive or rhetorical art. As a form it may pre-date literacy, with the earliest works being composed within and sustained by an oral tradition, novel, a long fictional prose narrative. It was the close relation to real life that differentiated it from the chivalric romance, in most European languages the equivalent term is roman. In English, the term emerged from the Romance languages in the fifteenth century, with the meaning of news, it came to indicate something new

6. Искусство – In their most general form these activities include the production of works of art, the criticism of art, the study of the history of art, and the aesthetic dissemination of art. The oldest documented forms of art are visual arts, which include creation of images or objects in fields including painting, sculpture, printmaking, photography, and other visual media. Music, theatre, film, dance, and other performing arts, as well as literature, until the 17th century, art referred to any skill or mastery and was not differentiated from crafts or sciences. Art may be characterized in terms of mimesis, expression, communication of emotion, during the Romantic period, art came to be seen as a special faculty of the human mind to be classified with religion and science. Though the definition of what art is disputed and has changed over time, general descriptions mention an idea of imaginative or technical skill stemming from human agency. The nature of art, and related such as creativity. One early sense of the definition of art is related to the older Latin meaning. English words derived from this meaning include artifact, artificial, artifice, medical arts, however, there are many other colloquial uses of the word, all with some relation to its etymology. Several dialogues in Plato tackle questions about art, Socrates says that poetry is inspired by the muses, and is not rational. He speaks approvingly of this, and other forms of divine madness in the Phaedrus, and yet in the Republic wants to outlaw Homers great poetic art, in Ion, Socrates gives no hint of the disapproval of Homer that he expresses in the Republic. For example, music imitates with the media of rhythm and harmony, whereas dance imitates with rhythm alone, the forms also differ in their object of imitation. Comedy, for instance, is an imitation of men worse than average. Lastly, the forms differ in their manner of imitation—through narrative or character, through change or no change, Aristotle believed that imitation is natural to mankind and constitutes one of mankinds advantages over animals. The second, and more recent, sense of the art as an abbreviation for creative art or fine art emerged in the early 17th century. The creative arts are a collection of disciplines which produce artworks that are compelled by a drive and convey a message, mood. Art is something that stimulates an individuals thoughts, emotions, beliefs, works of art can be explicitly made for this purpose or interpreted on the basis of images or objects. Often, if the skill is being used in a common or practical way, likewise, if the skill is being used in a commercial or industrial way, it may be considered commercial art instead of fine art. On the other hand, crafts and design are considered applied art

7. Политика – Politics is the process of making decisions applying to all members of each group. More narrowly, it refers to achieving and exercising positions of governance — organized control over a human community, furthermore, politics is the study or practice of the distribution of power and resources within a given community as well as the interrelationship between communities. It is very often said that politics is about power, a political system is a framework which defines acceptable political methods within a given society. History of political thought can be traced back to antiquity, with seminal works such as Platos Republic, Aristotles Politics. Formal Politics refers to the operation of a system of government and publicly defined institutions. Political parties, public policy or discussions about war and foreign affairs would fall under the category of Formal Politics, many people view formal politics as something outside of themselves, but that can still affect their daily lives. Semi-formal Politics is Politics in government associations such as neighborhood associations, informal Politics is understood as forming alliances, exercising power and protecting and advancing particular ideas or goals. Generally, this includes anything affecting ones daily life, such as the way an office or household is managed, informal Politics is typically understood as everyday politics, hence the idea that politics is everywhere. The word comes from the same Greek word from which the title of Aristotles book Politics also derives, the book title was rendered in Early Modern English in the mid-15th century as Polettiques, it became politics in Modern English. The history of politics is reflected in the origin, development, the origin of the state is to be found in the development of the art of warfare. Historically speaking, all communities of the modern type owe their existence to successful warfare. Kings, emperors and other types of monarchs in many countries including China, of the institutions that ruled states, that of kingship stood at the forefront until the French Revolution put an end to the divine right of kings. Nevertheless, the monarchy is among the political institutions, dating as early as 2100 BC in Sumeria to the 21st century AD British Monarchy. Kingship becomes an institution through the institution of Hereditary monarchy, the king often, even in absolute monarchies, ruled his kingdom with the aid of an elite group of advisors, a council without which he could not maintain power. As these advisors and others outside the monarchy negotiated for power, constitutional monarchies emerged, long before the council became a bulwark of democracy, it rendered invaluable aid to the institution of kingship by, Preserving the institution of kingship through heredity. Preserving the traditions of the social order, being able to withstand criticism as an impersonal authority. Being able to manage a greater deal of knowledge and action than an individual such as the king. The greatest of the subordinates, the earls and dukes in England and Scotland

8. История – History is the study of the past as it is described in written documents. Events occurring before written record are considered prehistory and it is an umbrella term that relates to past events as well as the memory, discovery, collection, organization, presentation, and interpretation of information about these events. Scholars who write about history are called historians and their works continue to be read today, and the gap between the culture-focused Herodotus and the military-focused Thucydides remains a point of contention or approach in modern historical writing. In Asia, a chronicle, the Spring and Autumn Annals was known to be compiled from as early as 722 BC although only 2nd-century BC texts survived. Ancient influences have helped spawn variant interpretations of the nature of history which have evolved over the centuries, the modern study of history is wide-ranging, and includes the study of specific regions and the study of certain topical or thematical elements of historical investigation. Often history is taught as part of primary and secondary education, the word history comes ultimately from Ancient Greek ἱστορία, meaning inquiry, knowledge from inquiry, or judge. It was in that sense that Aristotle used the word in his Περὶ Τὰ Ζῷα Ἱστορίαι, the ancestor word ἵστωρ is attested early on in Homeric Hymns, Heraclitus, the Athenian ephebes oath, and in Boiotic inscriptions. History was borrowed from Latin into Old English as stær, and it was from Anglo-Norman that history was borrowed into Middle English, and this time the loan stuck. In Middle English, the meaning of history was story in general, the restriction to the meaning the branch of knowledge that deals with past events, the formal record or study of past events, esp. human affairs arose in the mid-fifteenth century. With the Renaissance, older senses of the word were revived, and it was in the Greek sense that Francis Bacon used the term in the sixteenth century. For him, historia was the knowledge of objects determined by space and time, in an expression of the linguistic synthetic vs. analytic/isolating dichotomy, English like Chinese now designates separate words for human history and storytelling in general. In modern German, French, and most Germanic and Romance languages, which are synthetic and highly inflected. The adjective historical is attested from 1661, and historic from 1669, Historian in the sense of a researcher of history is attested from 1531. Historians write in the context of their own time, and with due regard to the current dominant ideas of how to interpret the past, in the words of Benedetto Croce, All history is contemporary history. History is facilitated by the formation of a discourse of past through the production of narrative. The modern discipline of history is dedicated to the production of this discourse. All events that are remembered and preserved in some authentic form constitute the historical record, the task of historical discourse is to identify the sources which can most usefully contribute to the production of accurate accounts of past. Therefore, the constitution of the archive is a result of circumscribing a more general archive by invalidating the usage of certain texts and documents

9. Пушкин, Александр Сергеевич – Alexander Sergeyevich Pushkin was a Russian poet, playwright, and novelist of the Romantic era who is considered by many to be the greatest Russian poet and the founder of modern Russian literature. Pushkin was born into Russian nobility in Moscow and his matrilineal great-grandfather was Abram Petrovich Gannibal, who was kidnapped from Eritrea and raised in the household of Peter the Great. Pushkin published his first poem at the age of fifteen, and was recognized by the literary establishment by the time of his graduation from the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum. While under the surveillance of the Tsars political police and unable to publish, Pushkin wrote his most famous play. His novel in verse, Eugene Onegin, was serialized between 1825 and 1832, Pushkins father, Sergei Lvovich Pushkin, was descended from a distinguished family of the Russian nobility that traced its ancestry back to the 12th century. Pushkins mother, Nadezhda Ossipovna Gannibal, was descended through her grandmother from German and Scandinavian nobility. She was the daughter of Ossip Abramovich Gannibal and his wife, Abram wrote in a letter to Empress Elizabeth, Peter the Greats daughter, that Gannibal was from the town of Lagon. Largely on the basis of a biography by Gannibals son-in-law Rotkirkh. Vladimir Nabokov, when researching Eugene Onegin, cast serious doubt on this origin theory, after education in France as a military engineer, Gannibal became governor of Reval and eventually Général en Chef in charge of the building of sea forts and canals in Russia. Born in Moscow, Pushkin published his first poem at the age of fifteen, after school, Pushkin plunged into the vibrant and raucous intellectual youth culture of the capital, Saint Petersburg. In 1820 he published his first long poem, Ruslan and Ludmila, amidst much controversy about its subject, Pushkin gradually became committed to social reform and emerged as a spokesman for literary radicals. This angered the government, and led to his transfer from the capital in May 1820 and he went to the Caucasus and to Crimea, then to Kamianka and Chișinău, where he became a Freemason. Here he joined the Filiki Eteria, an organization whose purpose was to overthrow Ottoman rule in Greece. He was inspired by the Greek Revolution and when the war against the Ottoman Turks broke out he kept a recording the events of the great national uprising. He stayed in Chișinău until 1823 and wrote two Romantic poems which brought him acclaim, The Captive of the Caucasus and The Fountain of Bakhchisaray. In 1823 Pushkin moved to Odessa, where he clashed with the government. In Mikhaylovskoye, Pushkin wrote nostalgic love poems which he dedicated to Elizaveta Vorontsova, then Pushkin continued work on his verse-novel Eugene Onegin. In Mikhaylovskoye, in 1825, Pushkin wrote the poem To*** and it is generally believed that he dedicated this poem to Anna Kern, but there are other opinions

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Вестник Европы (1802—1830)

раз в две недели Страны издания

Российская империя Российская империя

Язык

русский

Адрес редакции

Москва

Главный редактор

Николай Карамзин, Василий Жуковский

Учредители

И. Попов

Дата основания

1802

Тираж

от 580 до 1 200 экз,

«Вестник Европы» (Вѣстникъ Европы) — периодический журнал, издававшийся в Москве в 1802—1830 годах. В разные годы тираж составлял от 580 до 1200 экземпляров.

Идея создания журнала принадлежит арендатору типографии Московского университета И. Попову. Он предложил Карамзину стать редактором за определенную плату (3000 руб. в год). В 1808—1809 годах редактором журнала был Василий Жуковский.

Наряду с литературой и искусством, журнал освещал вопросы внешней и внутренней политики России, истории и политической жизни зарубежных стран. В 1814 году «Вестник Европы» опубликовал первое стихотворение А. С. Пушкина «К другу стихотворцу». С 1815 года журнал приобрёл консервативное направление.

См. также

Вестник Европы (1866—1918)

Ссылки

«Вестник Европы» (40 выпусков, 1802—1805) (факсимиле, формат pdf)
Номера «Вестника Европы» 1802-1810 годов, текст + каталог статей.
Вестник // Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона : в 86 т. (82 т. и 4 доп.). — СПб., 1890—1907.
Есин Б. И. История русской журналистики (1703—1917) — М: Флинта: Наука, 2000 http://www.evartist.narod.ru/text4/04.htm

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– Ежели бы я знала… – сквозь слезы сказала она. – Я боялась войти. Он пожал ее руку. – Не спала ты? – Нет, я не спала, – сказала княжна Марья, отрицательно покачав головой. Невольно подчиняясь отцу, она теперь так же, как он говорил, старалась говорить больше знаками и как будто тоже с трудом ворочая язык. – Душенька… – или – дружок… – Княжна Марья не могла разобрать; но, наверное, по выражению его взгляда, сказано было нежное, ласкающее слово, которого он никогда не говорил. – Зачем не пришла? «А я желала, желала его смерти! – думала княжна Марья. Он помолчал. – Спасибо тебе… дочь, дружок… за все, за все… прости… спасибо… прости… спасибо!.. – И слезы текли из его глаз. – Позовите Андрюшу, – вдруг сказал он, и что то детски робкое и недоверчивое выразилось в его лице при этом спросе. Он как будто сам знал, что спрос его не имеет смысла. Так, по крайней мере, показалось княжне Марье. – Я от него получила письмо, – отвечала княжна Марья. Он с удивлением и робостью смотрел на нее. – Где же он? – Он в армии, mon pere, в Смоленске. Он долго молчал, закрыв глаза; потом утвердительно, как бы в ответ на свои сомнения и в подтверждение того, что он теперь все понял и вспомнил, кивнул головой и открыл глаза. – Да, – сказал он явственно и тихо. – Погибла Россия! Погубили! – И он опять зарыдал, и слезы потекли у него из глаз. Княжна Марья не могла более удерживаться и плакала тоже, глядя на его лицо. Он опять закрыл глаза. Рыдания его прекратились. Он сделал знак рукой к глазам; и Тихон, поняв его, отер ему слезы. Потом он открыл глаза и сказал что то, чего долго никто не мог понять и, наконец, понял и передал один Тихон. Княжна Марья отыскивала смысл его слов в том настроении, в котором он говорил за минуту перед этим. То она думала, что он говорит о России, то о князе Андрее, то о ней, о внуке, то о своей смерти. И от этого она не могла угадать его слов. – Надень твое белое платье, я люблю его, – говорил он. Поняв эти слова, княжна Марья зарыдала еще громче, и доктор, взяв ее под руку, вывел ее из комнаты на террасу, уговаривая ее успокоиться и заняться приготовлениями к отъезду. После того как княжна Марья вышла от князя, он опять заговорил о сыне, о войне, о государе, задергал сердито бровями, стал возвышать хриплый голос, и с ним сделался второй и последний удар. Княжна Марья остановилась на террасе. День разгулялся, было солнечно и жарко. Она не могла ничего понимать, ни о чем думать и ничего чувствовать, кроме своей страстной любви к отцу, любви, которой, ей казалось, она не знала до этой минуты. Она выбежала в сад и, рыдая, побежала вниз к пруду по молодым, засаженным князем Андреем, липовым дорожкам. Скрытые категории:

Идея создания журнала принадлежит арендатору типографии Московского университета И. Попову. Он предложил Николаю Карамзину стать редактором за определенную плату (3000 руб. в год). Через год после ухода Карамзина в 1803 году, журнал потерял значение и актуальность. В 1808—1809 годах редактором журнала был Василий Жуковский.

Наряду с литературой и искусством, журнал освещал вопросы внешней и внутренней политики России, истории и политической жизни зарубежных стран.

В 1814 году в «Вестнике Европы» были впервые опубликованы стихи А. С. Пушкина: в них тогдашний лицеист обращался «К другу стихотворцу» — В. К. Кюхельбекеру, стихотворение которого были опубликовано в предыдущем номере журнала[1].

С 1815 года журнал приобрёл консервативное направление.