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Звукорежиссёр (журнал). Журнал звукорежиссер
Архив журнала "ЗВУКОРЕЖИССЕР" (2000-2013) » KpNemo
Архив новостей
На страницах журнала выходят материалы о технологических и творческих особенностях звукозаписи, озвучивания массовых мероприятий, радиотелевизионного производства и вещания, а также научные и научно-популярные статьи по акустике, аудиоэлектронике и телерадиовещанию.Не меньше внимания уделяется обобщению практического опыта ведущих специалистов всех отраслей аудиоиндустрии. Публикуются статьи по истории звукозаписи, вещания, техники шоу-бизнеса.Читатели журнала проявляют большой интерес биографическим очеркам о легендарных личностях. Известные специалисты с многолетним педагогическим опытом предоставляют статьи об обучении молодежи, учебных заведениях и методике профессионального образования.С 2000 года журнал «Звукорежиссер» при поддержке компаний-спонсоров организует и проводит Всероссийский конкурс творческих работ студентов-звукорежиссеров им. Виктора Бабушкина, где соревнуются лучшие работы учащихся российских учебных заведений, которые готовят специалистов в области звукозаписи. В составе жюри — авторитетные музыканты и звукорежиссеры. Председатель жюри — народный артист России, лауреат Государственной премии композитор Георгий Гаранян.С 2001 года журнал «Звукорежиссер» представляет Россию в MIPA — Международной ассоциации музыкальной прессы, ежегодно присуждающей призы за лучшие музыкальные инструменты и звуковое оборудование на крупнейшей в мире выставке Musikmesse/ProLight+Sound во Франкфурте-на-Майне (Германия).Журнал постоянно расширяет свою тематику. Так, за последний год пристальное внимание было уделено теме радио, как в плане технического оснащения радиостанций, так и производства радиопрограмм, их вещания, изучения аудитории, позиционирования, маркетинга.Журнал «Звукорежиссер» издается с 1998 года. В настоящее время выходит 10 номеров в год, а тираж составляет более 8 тыс. экземпляров.
Звукорежиссёр №7 2000.pdf Звукорежиссёр №5 2001.pdf Звукорежиссёр №6 2001.pdf Звукорежиссёр №7 2001.pdf Звукорежиссёр №8 2001.pdf Звукорежиссёр №9 2001.pdf Звукорежиссёр №10 2001.pdf Звукорежиссёр №1 2002.pdfЗвукорежиссёр №4 2003.pdfЗвукорежиссёр №5 2003.pdfЗвукорежиссёр №6 2003.pdfЗвукорежиссёр №7 2003.pdfЗвукорежиссёр №2 2004.pdfЗвукорежиссёр №5 2005.pdfЗвукорежиссёр №7 2005.pdfЗвукорежиссёр №6 2007.pdfЗвукорежиссёр №7 2007.pdfЗвукорежиссёр №8 2007.pdfЗвукорежиссёр №9 2007.pdfЗвукорежиссёр №10 2007.pdfЗвукорежиссёр №1 2008.pdfЗвукорежиссёр №2 2008.pdfЗвукорежиссёр №3 2008.pdfЗвукорежиссёр №4 2008.pdfЗвукорежиссёр №10 2008.pdfЗвукорежиссёр №1 2009.pdfЗвукорежиссёр №3 2009.pdfЗвукорежиссёр №1 2010.pdfЗвукорежиссёр №2 2010.pdfЗвукорежиссёр №3 2010.pdfЗвукорежиссёр №4 2010.pdfЗвукорежиссёр №5 2010.pdfЗвукорежиссёр №6 2010.pdfЗвукорежиссёр №7 2010.pdfЗвукорежиссёр №8 2010.pdfЗвукорежиссёр №9 2010.pdfЗвукорежиссёр №10 2010.pdfЗвукорежиссёр №1 2011.pdfЗвукорежиссёр №2 2011.pdfЗвукорежиссёр №3 2011.pdfЗвукорежиссёр №4 2011.pdfЗвукорежиссёр №5 2011.pdfЗвукорежиссёр №6 2011.pdfЗвукорежиссёр №7 2011.pdf Звукорежиссёр №8 2011.pdf Звукорежиссёр №9 2011.pdf Звукорежиссёр №1-2 2012.pdf Звукорежиссёр №3 2012.pdf Звукорежиссёр №4 2012.pdf Звукорежиссёр №5-6 2012.pdf Звукорежиссёр №1 2013.pdf Звукорежиссёр №2 2013.pdf Звукорежиссёр №3 2013.pdf Звукорежиссёр №4 2013.pdf Звукорежиссёр №5 2013.pdf Звукорежиссёр №6 2013.pdf Звукорежиссёр №7 2013.pdf
Оригинальное название: Звукорежиссер
Жанр: музыка,звук,техника
Автор: коллектив
Год издания: 2000-2013
Издательство: 625-net
Формат: pdf
Язык: русский
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Звукорежиссёр (журнал) — Википедия (с комментариями)
Материал из Википедии — свободной энциклопедии
| Звукорежиссёр | |
| профессиональная звукорежиссура, психоакустика, современные электронно-музыкальные технологии, вопросы аудио-музыкальной индустрии | |
| 10 раз в год | |
| русский | |
| Москва, ул. Малая Никитская, 4, офис 1. | |
| Анатолий Вейценфельд | |
| «Издательство 625» | |
| Россия Россия | |
| выходил с 1998 года по 2014 год. | |
| 60 с., формат А4 | |
| более 8 тысяч | |
| [pressa.rosp.ru/tvr.asp?tvr_code=И26094 И26094] | |
| [audioproducer.625-net.ru/ Сайт журнала «Звукорежиссёр»] | |
Журнал «Звукорежиссёр» — российское издание в области профессиональной звукорежиссуры, психоакустики, современных музыкально-компьютерных технологий и аудио-музыкальной индустрии. Издавался в период с 1998 по 2014 год. Ежегодно выходило 10 номеров журнала, тираж каждого из которых составлял более 8 тысяч экземпляров[1].
В журнале «Звукорежиссёр» регулярно публиковались статьи известных российских и зарубежных музыкантов, работающих в области электронной музыки, а также специалистов по истории и теории электронной музыки.
С 2000 года журнал организовывал и проводил Всероссийский конкурс творческих работ студентов-звукорежиссёров им. Виктора Бабушкина[2], где соревновались лучшие работы учащихся российских учебных заведений, которые готовят специалистов в области звукозаписи. В составе жюри конкурса — авторитетные композиторы, музыканты-исполнители и звукорежиссёры.
С 2001 года журнал «Звукорежиссёр» представлял Россию в MIPA[1] — Международной ассоциации музыкальной прессы, ежегодно присуждающей призы и награды за лучшее звуковое оборудование, а также лучшие акустические и электронные музыкальные инструменты, которые демонстрируются на одной из крупнейших в мире выставок Musikmesse/ProLight+Sound[3], проходящей ежегодно во Франкфурте-на-Майне (Германия).
Несколько раз в году к журналу «Звукорежиссёр» выпускалось специальное аудиоприложение.
Журнал закрыт в 2014 году.
Напишите отзыв о статье "Звукорежиссёр (журнал)"
Примечания
- ↑ 1 2 [audioproducer.625-net.ru/about/ О журнале] // Официальный сайт журнала «Звукорежиссёр»
- ↑ Из истории российской звукозаписи. [rus.625-net.ru/audioproducer/2006/06/history.htm Портреты звукорежиссеров: Виктор Бабушкин]
- ↑ Сайт музыкальной выставки [musik.messefrankfurt.com/frankfurt/en/besucher/messeprofil.html Musikmesse/ProLight+Sound]
См. также
Ссылки
- [audioproducer.625-net.ru/ Сайт журнала «Звукорежиссёр»]
Отрывок, характеризующий Звукорежиссёр (журнал)
– Ну теперь поговорим. Поздравляю тебя с женишком. Подцепила молодца! Я рада за тебя; и его с таких лет знаю (она указала на аршин от земли). – Наташа радостно краснела. – Я его люблю и всю семью его. Теперь слушай. Ты ведь знаешь, старик князь Николай очень не желал, чтоб сын женился. Нравный старик! Оно, разумеется, князь Андрей не дитя, и без него обойдется, да против воли в семью входить нехорошо. Надо мирно, любовно. Ты умница, сумеешь обойтись как надо. Ты добренько и умненько обойдись. Вот всё и хорошо будет. Наташа молчала, как думала Марья Дмитриевна от застенчивости, но в сущности Наташе было неприятно, что вмешивались в ее дело любви князя Андрея, которое представлялось ей таким особенным от всех людских дел, что никто, по ее понятиям, не мог понимать его. Она любила и знала одного князя Андрея, он любил ее и должен был приехать на днях и взять ее. Больше ей ничего не нужно было. – Ты видишь ли, я его давно знаю, и Машеньку, твою золовку, люблю. Золовки – колотовки, ну а уж эта мухи не обидит. Она меня просила ее с тобой свести. Ты завтра с отцом к ней поедешь, да приласкайся хорошенько: ты моложе ее. Как твой то приедет, а уж ты и с сестрой и с отцом знакома, и тебя полюбили. Так или нет? Ведь лучше будет? – Лучше, – неохотно отвечала Наташа.wiki-org.ru
Звукорежиссёр (журнал) - WikiVisually
1. Звукорежиссёр – An audio engineer works on the recording, manipulating the record using equalization and electronic effects, mixing, reproduction, and reinforcement of sound. Audio engineers work on the. technical aspect of recording—the placing of microphones, pre-amp knobs, the physical recording of any project is done by an engineer. Many audio engineers creatively use technologies to produce sound for film, radio, television, music, electronic products and computer games. Audio engineers also set up, sound check and do live sound mixing using an audio console, research and development audio engineers invent new technologies, equipment and techniques, to enhance the process and art of audio engineering. They might also be referred to as acoustic engineers, audio engineers in research and development usually possess a bachelors degree, masters degree or higher qualification in acoustics, physics, computer science or another engineering discipline. They might work in consultancy, specializing in architectural acoustics. Alternatively they might work in companies, or other industries that need audio expertise. Some positions, such as faculty require a Doctor of Philosophy, in Germany a Toningenieur is an audio engineer who designs, builds and repairs audio systems. The listed subdisciplines are based on PACS coding used by the Acoustical Society of America with some revision, audio engineers develop algorithms to allow the electronic manipulation of audio signals. These can be processed at the heart of audio production such as reverberation. Alternatively, the algorithms might carry out echo cancellation on Skype, or identify, architectural acoustics is the science and engineering of achieving a good sound within a room. For audio engineers, architectural acoustics can be about achieving good speech intelligibility in a stadium or enhancing the quality of music in a theatre, architectural Acoustic design is usually done by acoustic consultants. Electroacoustics is concerned with the design of headphones, microphones, loudspeakers, sound reproduction systems, examples of electroacoustic design include portable electronic devices, sound systems in architectural acoustics, surround sound in movie theater and vehicle audio. Musical acoustics is concerned with researching and describing the science of music, in audio engineering, this includes the design of electronic instruments such as synthesizers, the human voice, computer analysis of audio, music therapy, and the perception and cognition of music. Psychoacoustics is the study of how humans respond to what they hear. At the heart of audio engineering are listeners who are the final arbitrator as to whether a design is successful. The production, computer processing and perception of speech is an important part of audio engineering, ensuring speech is transmitted intelligibly, efficiently and with high quality, in rooms, through public address systems and through mobile telephone systems are important areas of study. Producer, engineer, and mixer Phil Ek has described audio engineering as the aspect of recording—the placing of microphones, the turning of pre-amp knobs
2. Психоакустика – Psychoacoustics is the scientific study of sound perception. More specifically, it is the branch of science studying the psychological and physiological responses associated with sound and it can be further categorized as a branch of psychophysics. Psychoacoustics received its name from a field within psychology—i. e, recognition science—which deals with all kinds of human perceptions. It is a field of many areas, including psychology, acoustics, electronic engineering, physics, biology, physiology. These nerve pulses then travel to the brain where they are perceived, the inner ear, for example, does significant signal processing in converting sound waveforms into neural stimuli, so certain differences between waveforms may be imperceptible. Data compression techniques, such as MP3, make use of this fact, in addition, the ear has a nonlinear response to sounds of different intensity levels, this nonlinear response is called loudness. Telephone networks and audio noise reduction systems make use of this fact by nonlinearly compressing data samples before transmission, another effect of the ears nonlinear response is that sounds that are close in frequency produce phantom beat notes, or intermodulation distortion products. The expression that one hears what one wants to hear may pertain in such discussions, the human ear can nominally hear sounds in the range 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz. The upper limit tends to decrease with age, most adults are unable to hear above 16 kHz, the lowest frequency that has been identified as a musical tone is 12 Hz under ideal laboratory conditions. Tones between 4 and 16 Hz can be perceived via the sense of touch. Frequency resolution of the ear is 3.6 Hz within the octave of 1000 –2000 Hz and that is, changes in pitch larger than 3.6 Hz can be perceived in a clinical setting. However, even smaller pitch differences can be perceived through other means, for example, the interference of two pitches can often be heard as a repetitive variation in volume of the tone. This amplitude modulation occurs with a equal to the difference in frequencies of the two tones and is known as beating. The semitone scale used in Western musical notation is not a frequency scale. The intensity range of sounds is enormous. Human ear drums are sensitive to variations in the sound pressure, for this reason, sound pressure level is also measured logarithmically, with all pressures referenced to 20 µPa. The lower limit of audibility is defined as 0 dB. The upper limit is more a question of the limit where the ear will be harmed or with the potential to cause noise-induced hearing loss
3. Электронная музыка – In general, a distinction can be made between sound produced using electromechanical means and that produced using electronic technology. Examples of electromechanical sound producing devices include the telharmonium, Hammond organ, purely electronic sound production can be achieved using devices such as the theremin, sound synthesizer, and computer. During the 1920s and 1930s, electronic instruments were introduced and the first compositions for instruments were composed. Musique concrète, created in Paris in 1948, was based on editing together recorded fragments of natural and industrial sounds, Music produced solely from electronic generators was first produced in Germany in 1953. Electronic music was created in Japan and the United States beginning in the 1950s. An important new development was the advent of computers for the purpose of composing music, algorithmic composition was first demonstrated in Australia in 1951. In America and Europe, live electronics were pioneered in the early 1960s, during the 1970s to early 1980s, the monophonic Minimoog became once the most widely used synthesizer at that time in both popular and electronic art music. In the 1980s, electronic music became dominant in popular music, with a greater reliance on synthesizers, and the adoption of programmable drum machines. Electronically produced music became prevalent in the domain by the 1990s. Contemporary electronic music includes many varieties and ranges from art music to popular forms such as electronic dance music. Today, pop music is most recognizable in its 4/4 form. At the turn of the 20th century, experimentation with emerging electronics led to the first electronic musical instruments and these initial inventions were not sold, but were instead used in demonstrations and public performances. The audiences were presented with reproductions of existing music instead of new compositions for the instruments, while some were considered novelties and produced simple tones, the Telharmonium accurately synthesized the sound of orchestral instruments. It achieved viable public interest and made progress into streaming music through telephone networks. Critics of musical conventions at the time saw promise in these developments, ferruccio Busoni encouraged the composition of microtonal music allowed for by electronic instruments. He predicted the use of machines in future music, writing the influential Sketch of a New Esthetic of Music, futurists such as Francesco Balilla Pratella and Luigi Russolo began composing music with acoustic noise to evoke the sound of machinery. They predicted expansions in timbre allowed for by electronics in the influential manifesto The Art of Noises, developments of the vacuum tube led to electronic instruments that were smaller, amplified, and more practical for performance. In particular, the theremin, ondes Martenot and trautonium were commercially produced by the early 1930s, from the late 1920s, the increased practicality of electronic instruments influenced composers such as Joseph Schillinger to adopt them
4. Россия – Russia, also officially the Russian Federation, is a country in Eurasia. The European western part of the country is more populated and urbanised than the eastern. Russias capital Moscow is one of the largest cities in the world, other urban centers include Saint Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg, Nizhny Novgorod. Extending across the entirety of Northern Asia and much of Eastern Europe, Russia spans eleven time zones and incorporates a range of environments. It shares maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk, the East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD. Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants, in 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire, beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium. Rus ultimately disintegrated into a number of states, most of the Rus lands were overrun by the Mongol invasion. The Soviet Union played a role in the Allied victory in World War II. The Soviet era saw some of the most significant technological achievements of the 20th century, including the worlds first human-made satellite and the launching of the first humans in space. By the end of 1990, the Soviet Union had the second largest economy, largest standing military in the world. It is governed as a federal semi-presidential republic, the Russian economy ranks as the twelfth largest by nominal GDP and sixth largest by purchasing power parity in 2015. Russias extensive mineral and energy resources are the largest such reserves in the world, making it one of the producers of oil. The country is one of the five recognized nuclear weapons states and possesses the largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction, Russia is a great power as well as a regional power and has been characterised as a potential superpower. The name Russia is derived from Rus, a state populated mostly by the East Slavs. However, this name became more prominent in the later history, and the country typically was called by its inhabitants Русская Земля. In order to distinguish this state from other states derived from it, it is denoted as Kievan Rus by modern historiography, an old Latin version of the name Rus was Ruthenia, mostly applied to the western and southern regions of Rus that were adjacent to Catholic Europe. The current name of the country, Россия, comes from the Byzantine Greek designation of the Kievan Rus, the standard way to refer to citizens of Russia is Russians in English and rossiyane in Russian. There are two Russian words which are translated into English as Russians
5. Франкфурт-на-Майне – The city is at the centre of the larger Frankfurt Rhine-Main Metropolitan Region, which has a population of 5.8 million and is Germanys second-largest metropolitan region after Rhine-Ruhr. Since the enlargement of the European Union in 2013, the centre of the EU is about 40 km to the east of Frankfurts CBD. Frankfurt is culturally and ethnically diverse, with half of the population. A quarter of the population are foreign nationals, including many expatriates, Frankfurt is an alpha world city and a global hub for commerce, culture, education, tourism and traffic. Its the site of many global and European headquarters, Frankfurt Airport is among the worlds busiest. Automotive, technology and research, services, consulting, media, Frankfurts DE-CIX is the worlds largest internet exchange point. Messe Frankfurt is one of the worlds largest trade fairs, major fairs include the Frankfurt Motor Show, the worlds largest motor show, the Music Fair, and the Frankfurt Book Fair, the worlds largest book fair. Frankfurt is home to educational institutions, including the Goethe University, the UAS, the FUMPA. Its renowned cultural venues include the concert hall Alte Oper, Europes largest English Theatre and many museums, Frankfurts skyline is shaped by some of Europes tallest skyscrapers. In sports, the city is known as the home of the top football club Eintracht Frankfurt, the basketball club Frankfurt Skyliners, the Frankfurt Marathon. Its the seat of German sport unions for Olympics, football, Frankfurt is the largest financial centre in continental Europe. It is home to the European Central Bank, Deutsche Bundesbank, Frankfurt Stock Exchange, the Frankfurt Stock Exchange is one of the worlds largest stock exchanges by market capitalization and accounts for more than 90 percent of the turnover in the German market. Frankfurt is considered a city as listed by the GaWC groups 2012 inventory. Among global cities it was ranked 10th by the Global Power City Index 2011, among financial centres it was ranked 8th by the International Financial Centers Development Index 2013 and 9th by the Global Financial Centres Index 2013. Its central location within Germany and Europe makes Frankfurt a major air, rail, Frankfurt Airport is one of the worlds busiest international airports by passenger traffic and the main hub for Germanys flag carrier Lufthansa. Frankfurter Kreuz, the Autobahn interchange close to the airport, is the most heavily used interchange in the EU, in 2011 human-resource-consulting firm Mercer ranked Frankfurt as seventh in its annual Quality of Living survey of cities around the world. According to The Economist cost-of-living survey, Frankfurt is Germanys most expensive city, Frankfurt has many high-rise buildings in the city centre, forming the Frankfurt skyline. It is one of the few cities in the European Union to have such a skyline and because of it Germans sometimes refer to Frankfurt as Mainhattan, the other well known and obvious nickname is Bankfurt
6. Германия – Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a federal parliamentary republic in central-western Europe. It includes 16 constituent states, covers an area of 357,021 square kilometres, with about 82 million inhabitants, Germany is the most populous member state of the European Union. After the United States, it is the second most popular destination in the world. Germanys capital and largest metropolis is Berlin, while its largest conurbation is the Ruhr, other major cities include Hamburg, Munich, Cologne, Frankfurt, Stuttgart, Düsseldorf and Leipzig. Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity, a region named Germania was documented before 100 AD. During the Migration Period the Germanic tribes expanded southward, beginning in the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire. During the 16th century, northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation, in 1871, Germany became a nation state when most of the German states unified into the Prussian-dominated German Empire. After World War I and the German Revolution of 1918–1919, the Empire was replaced by the parliamentary Weimar Republic, the establishment of the national socialist dictatorship in 1933 led to World War II and the Holocaust. After a period of Allied occupation, two German states were founded, the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic, in 1990, the country was reunified. In the 21st century, Germany is a power and has the worlds fourth-largest economy by nominal GDP. As a global leader in industrial and technological sectors, it is both the worlds third-largest exporter and importer of goods. Germany is a country with a very high standard of living sustained by a skilled. It upholds a social security and universal health system, environmental protection. Germany was a member of the European Economic Community in 1957. It is part of the Schengen Area, and became a co-founder of the Eurozone in 1999, Germany is a member of the United Nations, NATO, the G8, the G20, and the OECD. The national military expenditure is the 9th highest in the world, the English word Germany derives from the Latin Germania, which came into use after Julius Caesar adopted it for the peoples east of the Rhine. This in turn descends from Proto-Germanic *þiudiskaz popular, derived from *þeudō, descended from Proto-Indo-European *tewtéh₂- people, the discovery of the Mauer 1 mandible shows that ancient humans were present in Germany at least 600,000 years ago. The oldest complete hunting weapons found anywhere in the world were discovered in a mine in Schöningen where three 380, 000-year-old wooden javelins were unearthed
7. Акустика – Acoustics is the interdisciplinary science that deals with the study of all mechanical waves in gases, liquids, and solids including topics such as vibration, sound, ultrasound and infrasound. A scientist who works in the field of acoustics is an acoustician while someone working in the field of technology may be called an acoustical engineer. The application of acoustics is present in almost all aspects of society with the most obvious being the audio. Hearing is one of the most crucial means of survival in the animal world, accordingly, the science of acoustics spreads across many facets of human society—music, medicine, architecture, industrial production, warfare and more. Likewise, animal species such as songbirds and frogs use sound, art, craft, science and technology have provoked one another to advance the whole, as in many other fields of knowledge. Robert Bruce Lindsays Wheel of Acoustics is a well accepted overview of the fields in acoustics. The word acoustic is derived from the Greek word ἀκουστικός, meaning of or for hearing, ready to hear and that from ἀκουστός, heard, audible, which in turn derives from the verb ἀκούω, I hear. The Latin synonym is sonic, after which the term used to be a synonym for acoustics. Frequencies above and below the range are called ultrasonic and infrasonic. If, for example, a string of a length would sound particularly harmonious with a string of twice the length. In modern parlance, if a string sounds the note C when plucked, a string twice as long will sound a C an octave lower. In one system of tuning, the tones in between are then given by 16,9 for D,8,5 for E,3,2 for F,4,3 for G,6,5 for A. Aristotle understood that sound consisted of compressions and rarefactions of air which falls upon, a very good expression of the nature of wave motion. The physical understanding of acoustical processes advanced rapidly during and after the Scientific Revolution, mainly Galileo Galilei but also Marin Mersenne, independently, discovered the complete laws of vibrating strings. Experimental measurements of the speed of sound in air were carried out successfully between 1630 and 1680 by a number of investigators, prominently Mersenne, meanwhile, Newton derived the relationship for wave velocity in solids, a cornerstone of physical acoustics. The eighteenth century saw advances in acoustics as mathematicians applied the new techniques of calculus to elaborate theories of sound wave propagation. Also in the 19th century, Wheatstone, Ohm, and Henry developed the analogy between electricity and acoustics, the twentieth century saw a burgeoning of technological applications of the large body of scientific knowledge that was by then in place. The first such application was Sabine’s groundbreaking work in architectural acoustics, Underwater acoustics was used for detecting submarines in the first World War
8. Музыкальная акустика – Musical acoustics or music acoustics is a branch of acoustics concerned with researching and describing the physics of music – how sounds are employed to make music. Examples of areas of study are the function of musical instruments, the voice, computer analysis of melody. As a result, any sound wave that is not a wave can be modeled by many different sine waves of the appropriate frequencies and amplitudes. In humans the hearing apparatus can usually isolate these tones and hear them distinctly, when two or more tones are played at once, a variation of air pressure at the ear contains the pitches of each, and the ear and/or brain isolate and decode them into distinct tones. When the original sources are perfectly periodic, the note consists of several related sine waves called the fundamental. The sounds have harmonic frequency spectra, the lowest frequency present is the fundamental, and is the frequency at which the entire wave vibrates. The overtones vibrate faster than the fundamental, but must vibrate at integer multiples of the frequency for the total wave to be exactly the same each cycle. Real instruments are close to periodic, but the frequencies of the overtones are slightly imperfect, variations in air pressure against the ear drum, and the subsequent physical and neurological processing and interpretation, give rise to the subjective experience called sound. Most sound that people recognize as musical is dominated by periodic or regular vibrations rather than non-periodic ones, the transmission of these variations through air is via a sound wave. Pure tones can be produced by tuning forks or whistling, the rate at which the air pressure oscillates is the frequency of the tone, which is measured in oscillations per second, called hertz. Frequency is the determinant of the perceived pitch. Frequency of musical instruments can change with altitude due to changes in air pressure, *This chart only displays down to C0, though some pipe organs, such as the Boardwalk Hall Auditorium Organ, extend down to C−1. Also, the frequency of the subcontrabass tuba is B♭−1. The fundamental is the frequency at which the entire wave vibrates, overtones are other sinusoidal components present at frequencies above the fundamental. All of the components that make up the total waveform, including the fundamental. Together they form the harmonic series, overtones that are perfect integer multiples of the fundamental are called harmonics. When an overtone is near to being harmonic, but not exact, it is called a harmonic partial. Sometimes overtones are created that are not anywhere near a harmonic, the fundamental frequency is considered the first harmonic and the first partial
9. Автор – An author is narrowly defined as the originator of any written work and can thus also be described as a writer. More broadly defined, an author is the person who originated or gave existence to anything, in the copyright laws of various jurisdictions, there is a necessity for little flexibility regarding what constitutes authorship. The United States Copyright Office, for example, defines copyright as a form of protection provided by the laws of the United States to authors of works of authorship. After a fixed amount of time, the copyright expires on intellectual work and it enters the public domain, however, copyright is merely the legal reassurance that one owns his/her work. Technically, someone owns their work from the time its created, an interesting aspect of authorship emerges with copyright in that, in many jurisdictions, it can be passed down to another upon ones death. The person who inherits the copyright is not the author, questions arise as to the application of copyright law. How does it, for example, apply to the issue of fan fiction. If the media responsible for the authorized production allows material from fans, what is the limit before legal constraints from actors, music. Additionally, how does copyright apply to fan-generated stories for books, what powers do the original authors, as well as the publishers, have in regulating or even stopping the fan fiction. In literary theory, critics find complications in the term author beyond what constitutes authorship in a legal setting, in the wake of postmodern literature, critics such as Roland Barthes and Michel Foucault have examined the role and relevance of authorship to the meaning or interpretation of a text. Barthes challenges the idea that a text can be attributed to any single author and he writes, in his essay Death of the Author, that it is language which speaks, not the author. The words and language of a text itself determine and expose meaning for Barthes, with this, the perspective of the author is removed from the text, and the limits formerly imposed by the idea of one authorial voice, one ultimate and universal meaning, are destroyed. The psyche, culture, fanaticism of an author can be disregarded when interpreting a text, because the words are rich enough themselves with all of the traditions of language. To expose meanings in a work without appealing to the celebrity of an author, their tastes, passions, vices, is, to Barthes, to allow language to speak. Michel Foucault argues in his essay What is an author and that all authors are writers, but not all writers are authors. He states that a letter may have a signatory—it does not have an author. For a reader to assign the title of author upon any written work is to certain standards upon the text which. Foucaults author function is the idea that an author exists only as a function of a work, a part of its structure
10. Музыкант – A musician is a person who plays a musical instrument or is musically talented. Anyone who composes, conducts, or performs music may also be referred to as a musician, Musicians can specialize in any musical style, and some musicians play in a variety of different styles. Examples of a musicians possible skills include performing, conducting, singing, composing, arranging, in the Middle Ages, instrumental musicians performed with soft ensembles inside and loud instruments outdoors. Many European musicians of this time catered to the Roman Catholic Church, providing arrangements structured around Gregorian chant structure, vocal pieces were in Latin—the language of church texts of the time—and typically were Church-polyphonic or made up of several simultaneous melodies. Giovanni Palestrina Giovanni Gabrieli Thomas Tallis Claudio Monteverdi Leonardo da Vinci The Baroque period introduced heavy use of counterpoint, vocal and instrumental “color” became more important compared to the Renaissance style of music, and emphasized much of the volume, texture and pace of each piece. George Frideric Handel Johann Sebastian Bach Antonio Vivaldi Classical music was created by musicians who lived during a time of a middle class. Many middle-class inhabitants of France at the time lived under long-time absolute monarchies, because of this, much of the music was performed in environments that were more constrained compared to the flourishing times of the Renaissance and Baroque eras. This age included the initial transformations of the Industrial Revolution, a revolutionary energy was also at the core of Romanticism, which quite consciously set out to transform not only the theory and practice of poetry and art, but the common perception of the world. Some major Romantic Period precepts survive, and still affect modern culture, in 20th-century music, composers and musicians rejected the emotion-dominated Romantic period, and strove to represent the world the way they perceived it. Musicians wrote to be. objective, while objects existed on their own terms, while past eras concentrated on spirituality, this new period placed emphasis on physicality and things that were concrete. The advent of recording and mass media in the 20th century caused a boom of all kinds of music—popular music, rock music, electronic music, folk music. Singer Composer Music artist Tour Manager Media related to Musicians at Wikimedia Commons
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